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we must go all out to ensure it

  • 1 all

    o:l
    1. adjective, pronoun
    1) (the whole (of): He ate all the cake; He has spent all of his money.) todo
    2) (every one (of a group) when taken together: They were all present; All men are equal.) todos

    2. adverb
    1) (entirely: all alone; dressed all in white.) completamente, totalmente
    2) ((with the) much; even: Your low pay is all the more reason to find a new job; I feel all the better for a shower.) tanto, aún
    - all-out
    - all-round
    - all-rounder
    - all-terrain vehicle
    - all along
    - all at once
    - all in
    - all in all
    - all over
    - all right
    - in all

    all1 adj todo
    all2 adv
    1. completamente / totalmente
    2. empatados / iguales
    the score was three all empataron a tres / el partido terminó con un empate a tres
    all3 pron
    1. todo
    2. lo único / sólo
    3. todos / todo el mundo
    tr[ɔːl]
    1 (singular) todo,-a; (plural) todos,-as
    all day/month/year todo el día/mes/año
    all morning/afternoon/night/week toda la mañana/tarde/noche/semana
    1 (everything) todo, la totalidad nombre femenino
    2 (everybody) todos nombre masculino plural, todo el mundo
    all of them helped/they all helped ayudaron todos
    1 completamente, totalmente
    you're all dirty! ¡estás todo sucio!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    after all (despite everything) después de todo 2 (it must be remembered) no hay que olvidarlo
    all along desde el principio
    all but casi
    all in (tired) agotado,-a, hecho,-a polvo 2 (included) todo incluido
    it's £235 all in son £235 todo incluido
    all in all en conjunto
    all or nothing todo o nada
    all over en todas partes
    all right (acceptable) bien, bueno,-a, satisfactorio,-a
    the film's all right, but I've seen better ones la película no está mal, pero las he visto mejores 2 (well, safe) bien
    are you all right? ¿estás bien? 3 (accepting suggestion) vale, bueno
    are you coming? --all right ¿te vienes? --vale 4 (calming, silencing) vale
    all right, that's enough! ¡vale, basta ya! 4 (definitely) seguro
    it was the thin one all right era el flaco, estoy seguro
    all the «+ comp» tanto + adj/adv, aún + adj/adv
    all the same igualmente, a pesar de todo
    to be all the same to somebody dar lo mismo a alguien
    all the time todo el rato, siempre
    all told en total
    all too «+ adj/adv» demasiado + adj/adv
    at all en absoluto
    at all times siempre
    in all en total
    not at all no hay de qué
    All Fools' Day el día 1 de abril (≈ día de los Santos Inocentes)
    All Saints' Day día nombre masculino de Todos los Santos
    All Souls' Day día nombre masculino los Fieles Difuntos
    all ['ɔl] adv
    1) completely: todo, completamente
    2) : igual
    the score is 14 all: es 14 iguales, están empatados a 14
    3)
    all the better : tanto mejor
    4)
    all the more : aún más, todavía más
    all adj
    : todo
    all the children: todos los niños
    in all likelihood: con toda probabilidad, con la mayor probabilidad
    all pron
    1) : todo, -da
    they ate it all: lo comieron todo
    that's all: eso es todo
    enough for all: suficiente para todos
    2)
    all in all : en general
    3)
    not at all (in negative constructions) : en absoluto, para nada
    adj.
    todo, -a adj.
    todos adj.
    adv.
    completamente adv.
    del todo adv.
    n.
    todo s.m.
    pron.
    todo (s) pron.

    I ɔːl
    1) (before n) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das

    all kinds o sorts of people — todo tipo de gente

    all morning — toda la mañana, la mañana entera

    what's all this we hear about you leaving? — ¿qué es eso de que te vas?

    I might as well not bother for all the notice he takes — para el caso que me hace, más vale que ni me moleste

    we were dabbling in drink, drugs and all that — flirteábamos con la bebida, las drogas y todo eso or y todo lo demás; see also all III 3) d)

    2)
    b) ( any)

    II
    1) ( everything) (+ sing vb) todo

    all I can say is... — todo lo que puedo decir es..., lo único que puedo decir es...

    will that be all, madam? — ¿algo más señora?, ¿eso es todo, señora?

    all in good time — todo a su debido tiempo, cada cosa a su tiempo

    2)
    a) ( everyone) (+ pl vb) todos, -das

    she is the cleverest of all — es la más inteligente de todos/todas

    I don't intend to tell anyone, least of all her! — no pienso decírselo a nadie y a ella menos todavía

    3)

    all of: now that all of the children go to school ahora que todos los niños van al colegio; all of the cheese todo el queso; it took all of 20 years to complete it — se tardó 20 años enteros en acabarlo

    4) (after n, pron) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das
    a)
    b)
    c)

    he ate it, skin and all — se lo comió con la cáscara y todo

    d)

    at all: they don't like him at all no les gusta nada; I'm not at all worried o worried at all no estoy preocupada en absoluto, no estoy para nada preocupada; thank you - not at all gracias - de nada or no hay de qué; she didn't feel at all well no se sentía nada bien; it's not bad at all, it's not at all bad no está nada mal; they'll come late, if they come at all vendrán tarde, si es que vienen; if (it's) at all possible — si fuera posible

    e)

    III

    you've gone all red — te has puesto todo colorado/toda colorada

    I got all wet — me mojé todo/toda

    I'm all ears — soy todo/toda oídos

    2) (each, apiece) ( Sport)
    a)
    b)

    the game had all but finishedprácticamente or ya casi había terminado el partido

    c)

    all for: to be all for something: I'm all for sex education — estoy totalmente a favor de la educación sexual

    d)

    all that — ( particularly) (usu neg)

    e)

    all the — (+ comp)

    it is all the more remarkable if you consider... — resulta aún or todavía más extraordinario si se tiene en cuenta...

    all the more so because... — tanto más cuanto que...; see also all out


    IV

    to give one's all — ( make supreme effort) dar* todo de sí; ( sacrifice everything) darlo* todo, dar* todo lo que se tiene

    [ɔːl] When all is part of a set combination, eg in all seriousness/probability, look up the noun. Note that all right has an entry to itself.
    1. ADJECTIVE
    1) todo

    it rained all day — llovió todo el día, llovió el día entero

    40% of all marriages end in divorce — el 40% de los matrimonios terminan en divorcio

    it would have to rain today, of all days! — ¡tenía que llover hoy justamente!

    for all their efforts, they didn't manage to score — a pesar de todos sus esfuerzos, no lograron marcar un tanto

    they chose him, of all people! — lo eligieron a él, como si no hubiera otros

    all those who disobey will be punished — todos aquellos que desobedezcan serán castigados

    all that and all that y cosas así, y otras cosas por el estilo

    sorry and all that, but that's the way it is — disculpas y todo lo demás, pero así son las cosas

    of all the...

    of all the luck! — ¡vaya suerte!

    of all the tactless things to say! — ¡qué falta de tacto!

    best, four 2., 2)
    2) (=any)

    it has been proved beyond all doubtse ha probado sin que quepa la menor duda

    2. PRONOUN
    a) (=everything) todo

    we did all we could to stop him — hicimos todo lo posible para detenerlo

    all is not lostliter or hum aún quedan esperanzas

    all of it — todo

    it took him all of three hours(=at least) le llevó tres horas enteras; iro (=only) le llevó ni más ni menos que tres horas

    she must be all of 16iro debe de tener al menos 16 años

    is that all?, will that be all? — ¿es eso todo?, ¿nada más?

    six o'clock? is that all? — ¿las seis? ¿nada más?

    that's all — eso es todo, nada más

    all is welltodo está bien

    best, once 1., 1)
    b) (=the only thing)

    all I can tell you is... — todo lo que puedo decirte es..., lo único que puedo decirte es...

    all that matters is that you're safe — lo único que importa es que estás a salvo

    2) (plural) todos mpl, todas fpl

    this concerns all of you — esto os afecta a todos (vosotros)

    they all say that — todos dicen lo mismo

    all who knew him loved him — todos los que le conocieron le querían

    the score is two all — van empatados a dos, el marcador es de empate a dos

    it's 30 all — (Tennis) treinta iguales

    above all sobre todo after all después de todo all but

    all but seven/twenty — todos menos siete/veinte

    all for nothing

    I rushed to get there, all for nothing — fui a toda prisa, todo para nada, fui a toda prisa, y total para nada

    all in all en general

    all in all, things turned out quite well — en general, las cosas salieron bastante bien

    we thought, all in all, it wasn't a bad idea — pensamos que, mirándolo bien, no era una mala idea

    all told en total and all

    the dog ate the sausage, mustard and all — el perro se comió la salchicha, mostaza incluida

    for all I care for all I know

    for all I know he could be dead — puede que hasta esté muerto, no lo sé

    for all I know, he could be right — igual hasta tiene razón, no lo sé

    if (...) at all

    I'll go tomorrow if I go at all — si es que voy, iré mañana

    it rarely rains here, if at all — aquí rara vez llueve, si es que llueve

    I'd like to see him today, if (it's) at all possible — me gustaría verlo hoy, si es del todo posible

    they won't attempt it, if they have any sense at all — si tienen el más mínimo sentido común, no lo intentarán

    in all it all

    she seemed to have it all: a good job, a happy marriage — parecía tenerlo todo: un buen trabajo, un matrimonio feliz

    it's all or nothing es todo o nada most of all sobre todo, más que nada no... at all not... at all

    you mean he didn't cry at all? — ¿quieres decir que no lloró nada?

    did you mention me at all? — ¿mencionaste mi nombre por casualidad?

    not at all! (answer to thanks) ¡de nada!, ¡no hay de qué!

    "are you disappointed?" - "not at all!" — -¿estás defraudado? -en absoluto

    3. ADVERB
    1) (=entirely) todo
    Make todo agree with the person or thing described:

    the children were all alonelos niños estaban completamente solos

    there were insects all around us — había insectos por todas partes

    I did it all by myself — lo hice completamente solo

    she was dressed all in black — iba vestida completamente de negro

    we shook hands all roundnos estrechamos todos las manos

    all along

    all along the street — a lo largo de toda la calle, por toda la calle

    all but (=nearly) casi

    he all but died — casi se muere, por poco se muere

    all for sth

    I'm all for giving children their independenceestoy completamente a favor de or apoyo completamente la idea de dar independencia a los niños

    all in (=all inclusive) (Brit) todo incluido; (=exhausted) * hecho polvo *

    the trip cost £200 all in — el viaje costó 200 libras, todo incluido

    after a day's skiing I was all in — después de un día esquiando, estaba hecho polvo * or rendido

    you look all in — se te ve rendido, ¡vaya cara de estar hecho polvo! *

    all out

    to go all out(=spare no expense) tirar la casa por la ventana; (Sport) emplearse a fondo

    all over

    all over the world you'll find... — en or por todo el mundo encontrarás...

    all the more...

    considering his age, it's all the more remarkable that he succeeded — teniendo en cuenta su edad, es aún más extraordinario que lo haya logrado

    she valued her freedom, all the more so because she had fought so hard for it — valoraba mucho su libertad, tanto más cuanto que había luchado tanto por conseguirla

    all too...

    all too soon, the holiday was over — cuando quisimos darnos cuenta las vacaciones habían terminado

    all up with all very...

    that's all very well but... — todo eso está muy bien, pero...

    not all there

    he isn't all there *no tiene todos los tornillos bien *, le falta algún tornillo *

    not all that... all-out, better I, 2.
    4.
    NOUN (=utmost)

    he had given her his all — (=affection) se había entregado completamente a ella; (=possessions) le había dado todo lo que tenía

    he puts his all into every game — se da completamente en cada partido, siempre da todo lo que puede de sí en cada partido

    5.
    COMPOUNDS

    the all clear N(=signal) el cese de la alarma, el fin de la alarma; (fig) el visto bueno, luz verde

    all clear! — ¡fin de la alerta!

    to be given the all clear (to do sth) recibir el visto bueno, recibir luz verde; (by doctor) recibir el alta médica or definitiva

    All Fools' Day N día m de los (Santos) Inocentes

    All Hallows' (Day) Ndía m de Todos los Santos

    All Saints' Day Ndía m de Todos los Santos

    All Souls' Day Ndía m de (los) Difuntos (Sp), día m de (los) Muertos (LAm)

    * * *

    I [ɔːl]
    1) (before n) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das

    all kinds o sorts of people — todo tipo de gente

    all morning — toda la mañana, la mañana entera

    what's all this we hear about you leaving? — ¿qué es eso de que te vas?

    I might as well not bother for all the notice he takes — para el caso que me hace, más vale que ni me moleste

    we were dabbling in drink, drugs and all that — flirteábamos con la bebida, las drogas y todo eso or y todo lo demás; see also all III 3) d)

    2)
    b) ( any)

    II
    1) ( everything) (+ sing vb) todo

    all I can say is... — todo lo que puedo decir es..., lo único que puedo decir es...

    will that be all, madam? — ¿algo más señora?, ¿eso es todo, señora?

    all in good time — todo a su debido tiempo, cada cosa a su tiempo

    2)
    a) ( everyone) (+ pl vb) todos, -das

    she is the cleverest of all — es la más inteligente de todos/todas

    I don't intend to tell anyone, least of all her! — no pienso decírselo a nadie y a ella menos todavía

    3)

    all of: now that all of the children go to school ahora que todos los niños van al colegio; all of the cheese todo el queso; it took all of 20 years to complete it — se tardó 20 años enteros en acabarlo

    4) (after n, pron) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das
    a)
    b)
    c)

    he ate it, skin and all — se lo comió con la cáscara y todo

    d)

    at all: they don't like him at all no les gusta nada; I'm not at all worried o worried at all no estoy preocupada en absoluto, no estoy para nada preocupada; thank you - not at all gracias - de nada or no hay de qué; she didn't feel at all well no se sentía nada bien; it's not bad at all, it's not at all bad no está nada mal; they'll come late, if they come at all vendrán tarde, si es que vienen; if (it's) at all possible — si fuera posible

    e)

    III

    you've gone all red — te has puesto todo colorado/toda colorada

    I got all wet — me mojé todo/toda

    I'm all ears — soy todo/toda oídos

    2) (each, apiece) ( Sport)
    a)
    b)

    the game had all but finishedprácticamente or ya casi había terminado el partido

    c)

    all for: to be all for something: I'm all for sex education — estoy totalmente a favor de la educación sexual

    d)

    all that — ( particularly) (usu neg)

    e)

    all the — (+ comp)

    it is all the more remarkable if you consider... — resulta aún or todavía más extraordinario si se tiene en cuenta...

    all the more so because... — tanto más cuanto que...; see also all out


    IV

    to give one's all — ( make supreme effort) dar* todo de sí; ( sacrifice everything) darlo* todo, dar* todo lo que se tiene

    English-spanish dictionary > all

  • 2 machinery

    1. организационный аппарат
    2. оборудование
    3. механизм
    4. машины и оборудование
    5. машины
    6. машинное оборудование

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

     

    машины
    оборудование


    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    машины
    Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    машины и оборудование

    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    машины и оборудование
    МСО
    Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    EN

    machinery
    A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    механизм
    Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    машины, механизмы

    Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
    Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
    Примечание
    В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    оборудование
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    оборудование
    -

    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    оборудование
    Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    EN

    equipment
    single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
    NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    equipment
    material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    FR

    équipement, m
    matériel, m
    appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
    NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
    [IEV number 151-11-25]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    организационный аппарат

    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

    3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

    Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery

  • 3 see

    I si: past tense - saw; verb
    1) (to have the power of sight: After six years of blindness, he found he could see.) ver
    2) (to be aware of by means of the eye: I can see her in the garden.) ver
    3) (to look at: Did you see that play on television?) ver
    4) (to have a picture in the mind: I see many difficulties ahead.) ver, imaginarse
    5) (to understand: She didn't see the point of the joke.) comprender, entender, ver
    6) (to investigate: Leave this here and I'll see what I can do for you.) ver
    7) (to meet: I'll see you at the usual time.) ver
    8) (to accompany: I'll see you home.) acompañar
    - seeing that
    - see off
    - see out
    - see through
    - see to
    - I
    - we will see

    II si: noun
    (the district over which a bishop or archbishop has authority.) sede
    see vb
    1. ver
    turn the light on, I can't see anything enciende la luz; no veo nada
    have you seen Lesley recently? ¿has visto a Lesley últimamente?
    2. entender / ver
    3. quedar / ver
    I'll see you at ten quedamos a las diez / nos vemos a las diez
    4. ir / ver
    my tooth hurts, I'll have to see a dentist me duele una muela, tendré que ir al dentista
    let's see a ver / vamos a ver
    tr[siː]
    1 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL sede nombre femenino
    ————————
    tr[siː]
    transitive verb (pt saw tr[sɔː], pp seen tr[siːn], ger seeing)
    1 (gen) ver
    did you see who it was? ¿has visto quién era?
    have you seen any good films lately? ¿has visto una buena película últimamente?
    2 (meet, visit) ver; (receive) ver, atender; (go out with) salir con
    guess who I saw on Saturday? ¿a que no sabes a quién vi el sábado?
    3 (understand) comprender, entender, ver
    do you see what I mean? ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir?
    4 (visualize, imagine) imaginarse, ver; (envisage) creer
    5 (find out, discover) ver; (learn) oír, leer
    6 (ensure, check) asegurarse de, procurar
    could you see that all the doors are locked? ¿podría asegurarse de que todas las puertas estén cerradas con llave?
    7 (accompany) acompañar
    8 (in cards) ver, ir
    1 (gen) ver
    2 (find out, discover) ver
    3 (understand) entender, ver
    oh, I see ah, ya veo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    I'll be seeing you! ¡hasta luego!
    let me see/let's see a ver, vamos a ver
    seeing is believing ver para creer
    see you around ya nos veremos
    see you later/soon/Monday! ¡hasta luego/pronto/el lunes!
    to be seeing things ver visiones
    to have seen better days haber conocido tiempos mejores
    to see for oneself comprobarlo uno,-a mismo,-a
    to see a lot of somebody ver a alguien a menudo
    to see one's way (clear) to doing something poder hacer algo, estar dispuesto,-a a hacer algo
    to see reason ver la razón
    to see red ponerse rojo,-a (de ira)
    to see stars ver las estrellas
    to see the back/last of somebody perder a alguien de vista
    to see the joke verle la gracia, entender el chiste
    to see the light ver la luz
    not to see the point no ver el sentido, no ver para qué
    we'll soon see about that! ¡ya lo veremos!
    you see (in explanations) verás 2 (in questions) ¿sabes?, ¿ves?
    see ['si:] v, saw ['sɔ] ; seen ['si:n] ; seeing vt
    1) : ver
    I saw a dog: vi un perro
    see you later!: ¡hasta luego!
    2) experience: ver, conocer
    3) understand: ver, entender
    4) ensure: asegurarse
    see that it's correct: asegúrese de que sea correcto
    5) accompany: acompañar
    6)
    to see off : despedir, despedirse de
    see vi
    1) : ver
    seeing is believing: ver para creer
    2) understand: entender, ver
    now I see!: ¡ya entiendo!
    3) consider: ver
    let's see: vamos a ver
    4)
    to see to : ocuparse de
    see n
    : sede f
    the Holy See: la Santa Sede
    n.
    sede s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: saw, seen) = observar v.
    percibir v.
    ver v.
    (§pres: veo, ves...) imp. ve-•)

    I
    1. siː
    1) (past saw; past p seen) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ver*

    to see somebody/something + inf: I didn't see her arrive no la vi llegar; we'll be sorry to see her go nos va a dar pena que se vaya; to see somebody/something -ing: I can see somebody coming this way veo venir a alguien; I thought I was seeing things pensé que estaba viendo visiones; I'll believe it when I see it hasta que no lo vea no lo creo; to be glad to see the back of somebody — alegrarse de que alguien se vaya

    b) \<\<film/play\>\> ver*
    c) (look at, inspect) ver*

    may I see your ticket? — ¿me permite su entrada (or boleto etc)?

    3)
    a) (perceive, notice) ver*
    b) (learn from reading, hearing)

    I see from your application form that... — he leído en su solicitud que...

    4) ( understand) ver*

    do you see what I mean? — ¿entiendes?, ¿te das cuenta?

    I can see (that) you're in a difficult position, but... — me doy cuenta de or comprendo que estás en una situación difícil, pero...

    5) (consider, regard) ver*

    the way I see it, as I see it — a mi modo de ver, tal como yo lo veo

    6)
    a) ( visualize)

    can you see him as a teacher? — ¿te lo imaginas de profesor?

    b) (envisage, foresee)

    to see something/somebody -ING: I can't see it working no creo que vaya a funcionar; I can see her working abroad — la imagino trabajando en el extranjero

    c) ( accept) (AmE colloq)

    we could move Johnson over to Sales - OK, I can see that — podríamos pasar a Johnson a Ventas - bueno, eso me parece bien

    7)
    a) (find out, determine) ver*
    b) ( ensure)

    to see that: see that it doesn't happen again — que no vuelva a suceder

    8)
    a) (experience, undergo)
    b) ( be the occasion of) (journ)

    in a week which has seen the start of... — en una semana que ha visto el inicio de...

    next Thursday sees the launch of the new model — el próximo jueves es la fecha señalada para el lanzamiento del nuevo modelo

    9)
    a) ( meet) ver*

    when can I see you again? — ¿cuándo nos podemos volver a ver?

    b) ( go out with) (colloq) salir* con
    c) ( saying goodbye) (colloq)

    see you! — hasta luego!, hasta la vista!

    see you later/tonight/soon/on Saturday! — hasta luego/esta noche/pronto/el sábado!

    10) ( visit)
    a) ( socially) ver*
    b) ( for consultation) ver*

    you should see a specialistdeberías ver a or ir a un especialista

    to see somebody about something: can I see you about something privately? — ¿podría hablar con usted de un asunto privado?

    11) ( receive) ver*, atender*
    12) (escort, accompany) acompañar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ver*
    b) (look, inspect) ver*
    2) (understand, realize) ver*

    can't you see he loves you? — ¿no te das cuenta de or no ves que te quiere?

    3) (consider, think) ver*

    let's see — vamos a ver, veamos

    I'll see, but I can't promise anything — voy a ver, pero no te puedo prometer nada

    4) ( find out) ver*

    will it work? - try it and see — ¿funcionará? - prueba a ver

    what's going on? - you'll soon see — ¿qué pasa? - ya lo verás

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun ( diocese) sede f

    I
    [siː]
    (pt saw) (pp seen) VT VI
    1) (gen) ver

    to see sb do or doing sth — ver a algn hacer algo

    did you see that Queen Anne is dead? — ¿has oído que ha muerto la reina Ana?

    he's seen it allestá de vuelta de todo

    there was nobody to be seen — no se veía ni nadie

    as you can see — como ves

    I'll see him damned first — antes le veré colgado

    I never thought I'd see the day when... — nunca pensé ver el día en que...

    this dress isn't fit to be seen — este vestido no se puede ver

    see for yourself — velo tú

    I'll go and see — voy a ver

    now see here! (in anger) ¡mira!, ¡oiga!, ¡escuche!

    I see nothing wrong in it — no le encuentro nada malo

    I see in the paper that... — sale en el periódico que...

    let me see, let's see — (=show me/us) a ver; (=let me/us think) vamos a ver

    she's certainly seeing lifees seguro que está viendo muchas cosas

    we'll not see his like again — no veremos otro como él

    he's seen a lot of the world — ha visto mucho mundo

    so I see — ya lo veo

    I must be seeing things *estoy viendo visiones

    I can't see to read — no veo lo suficiente para leer

    can you see your way to helping us? — (fig) ¿nos hace el favor de ayudarnos?

    we'll see — ya veremos, a ver

    I'll see what I can do — veré si puedo hacer algo

    she won't see 40 again — los 40 ya no los cumple

    2) (=visit, meet) ver, visitar; (=have an interview with) tener una entrevista con, entrevistarse con

    the minister saw the Queen yesterdayel ministro se entrevistó or tuvo una entrevista con la Reina ayer

    I want to see you about my daughter — quiero hablar con usted acerca de mi hija

    what did he want to see you about? — ¿qué asunto quería discutir contigo?, ¿qué motivo tuvo su visita?

    we'll be seeing them for dinnervamos a cenar con ellos

    to see the doctor — ir a ver al médico, consultar al médico

    you need to see a doctortienes que ir a ver or consultar a un médico

    to go and see sb — ir a ver a algn; (a friend) visitar a algn

    we don't see much of them nowadays — ahora les vemos bastante poco

    see you! *chau *

    see you on Sunday! — ¡hasta el domingo!

    see you tomorrow! — ¡hasta mañana!

    see you later! — ¡hasta luego!

    see you soon! — ¡hasta pronto!

    3) (=understand, perceive) entender

    this is how I see it — este es mi modo de entenderlo, yo lo entiendo así

    I saw only too clearly that... — percibí claramente que...

    it's all over, see? * — se acabó, ¿entiendes?

    I can't or don't see why/how etc... — no veo or entiendo por qué/cómo etc...

    I don't see it, myself — yo no creo que sea posible

    he's dead, don't you see? — está muerto, ¿me entiendes?

    the Russians see it differently — los rusos lo miran desde otro punto de vista, el criterio de los rusos es distinto

    I fail to see how — no comprendo or entiendo cómo

    as far as I can see — por lo visto, por lo que yo veo

    the way I see it — a mi parecer

    4) (=accompany) acompañar

    he was so drunk we had to see him to bedestaba tan borracho que tuvimos que llevarle a la cama

    to see sb to the dooracompañar a algn a la puerta

    to see sb homeacompañar a algn a casa

    may I see you home? — ¿puedo acompañarte a casa?

    5) (=try) procurar

    see if... — ve a ver si..., mira a ver si...

    6) (=imagine) imaginarse

    I don't see her as a ministerno la veo or no me la imagino de ministra

    7) (=ensure)

    II
    [siː]
    N (Rel) sede f ; [of archbishop] arzobispado m ; [of bishop] obispado m
    * * *

    I
    1. [siː]
    1) (past saw; past p seen) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ver*

    to see somebody/something + inf: I didn't see her arrive no la vi llegar; we'll be sorry to see her go nos va a dar pena que se vaya; to see somebody/something -ing: I can see somebody coming this way veo venir a alguien; I thought I was seeing things pensé que estaba viendo visiones; I'll believe it when I see it hasta que no lo vea no lo creo; to be glad to see the back of somebody — alegrarse de que alguien se vaya

    b) \<\<film/play\>\> ver*
    c) (look at, inspect) ver*

    may I see your ticket? — ¿me permite su entrada (or boleto etc)?

    3)
    a) (perceive, notice) ver*
    b) (learn from reading, hearing)

    I see from your application form that... — he leído en su solicitud que...

    4) ( understand) ver*

    do you see what I mean? — ¿entiendes?, ¿te das cuenta?

    I can see (that) you're in a difficult position, but... — me doy cuenta de or comprendo que estás en una situación difícil, pero...

    5) (consider, regard) ver*

    the way I see it, as I see it — a mi modo de ver, tal como yo lo veo

    6)
    a) ( visualize)

    can you see him as a teacher? — ¿te lo imaginas de profesor?

    b) (envisage, foresee)

    to see something/somebody -ING: I can't see it working no creo que vaya a funcionar; I can see her working abroad — la imagino trabajando en el extranjero

    c) ( accept) (AmE colloq)

    we could move Johnson over to Sales - OK, I can see that — podríamos pasar a Johnson a Ventas - bueno, eso me parece bien

    7)
    a) (find out, determine) ver*
    b) ( ensure)

    to see that: see that it doesn't happen again — que no vuelva a suceder

    8)
    a) (experience, undergo)
    b) ( be the occasion of) (journ)

    in a week which has seen the start of... — en una semana que ha visto el inicio de...

    next Thursday sees the launch of the new model — el próximo jueves es la fecha señalada para el lanzamiento del nuevo modelo

    9)
    a) ( meet) ver*

    when can I see you again? — ¿cuándo nos podemos volver a ver?

    b) ( go out with) (colloq) salir* con
    c) ( saying goodbye) (colloq)

    see you! — hasta luego!, hasta la vista!

    see you later/tonight/soon/on Saturday! — hasta luego/esta noche/pronto/el sábado!

    10) ( visit)
    a) ( socially) ver*
    b) ( for consultation) ver*

    you should see a specialistdeberías ver a or ir a un especialista

    to see somebody about something: can I see you about something privately? — ¿podría hablar con usted de un asunto privado?

    11) ( receive) ver*, atender*
    12) (escort, accompany) acompañar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ver*
    b) (look, inspect) ver*
    2) (understand, realize) ver*

    can't you see he loves you? — ¿no te das cuenta de or no ves que te quiere?

    3) (consider, think) ver*

    let's see — vamos a ver, veamos

    I'll see, but I can't promise anything — voy a ver, pero no te puedo prometer nada

    4) ( find out) ver*

    will it work? - try it and see — ¿funcionará? - prueba a ver

    what's going on? - you'll soon see — ¿qué pasa? - ya lo verás

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun ( diocese) sede f

    English-spanish dictionary > see

  • 4 see

    1. transitive verb,

    let somebody see something — (show) jemandem etwas zeigen

    let me seelass mich mal sehen

    I saw her fall or falling — ich habe sie fallen sehen

    he was seen to leave or seen leaving the building — er ist beim Verlassen des Gebäudes gesehen worden

    I'll believe it when I see itdas will ich erst mal sehen

    they saw it happen — sie haben gesehen, wie es passiert ist

    can you see that house over there?siehst du das Haus da drüben?

    be worth seeing — sehenswert sein; sich lohnen (ugs.)

    see the light(fig.): (undergo conversion) das Licht schauen (geh.)

    I saw the light(I realized my error etc.) mir ging ein Licht auf (ugs.)

    I must be seeing things(joc.) ich glaub', ich seh' nicht richtig

    see the sights/town — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten/Stadt ansehen

    see one's way [clear] to do or to doing something — es einrichten, etwas zu tun

    2) (watch) sehen

    let's see a filmsehen wir uns (Dat.) einen Film an!

    3) (meet [with]) sehen; treffen; (meet socially) zusammenkommen mit; sich treffen mit

    I'll see you there/at 5 — wir sehen uns dort/um 5

    see you!(coll.)

    [I'll] be seeing you! — (coll.) bis bald! (ugs.)

    see you on Saturday/soon — bis Samstag/bald; see also academic.ru/43656/long">long I 1. 3)

    4) (speak to) sprechen [Person] ( about wegen); (pay visit to) gehen zu, (geh.) aufsuchen [Arzt, Anwalt usw.]; (receive) empfangen

    the doctor will see you now — Herr/Frau Doktor lässt bitten

    whom would you like to see?wen möchten Sie sprechen?; zu wem möchten Sie?

    5) (discern mentally) sehen

    I can see it's difficult for you — ich verstehe, dass es nicht leicht für dich ist

    I see what you mean — ich verstehe [was du meinst]

    I saw that it was a mistakemir war klar, dass es ein Fehler war

    he didn't see the joke — er fand es [gar] nicht lustig; (did not understand) er hat den Witz nicht verstanden

    I can't think what she sees in him — ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet

    6) (consider) sehen

    let me see what I can do — [ich will] mal sehen, was ich tun kann

    7) (foresee) sehen

    I can see I'm going to be busy — ich sehe [es] schon [kommen], dass ich beschäftigt sein werde

    I can see it won't be easy — ich sehe schon, dass es nicht einfach sein wird

    8) (find out) feststellen; (by looking) nachsehen

    see if you can read this — guck mal, ob du das hier lesen kannst (ugs.)

    9) (take view of) sehen; betrachten

    try to see it my wayversuche es doch mal aus meiner Sicht zu sehen

    10) (learn) sehen

    I see from your letter that... — ich entnehme Ihrem Brief, dass...

    11) (make sure)

    see [that]... — zusehen od. darauf achten, dass...

    12) usu. in imper. (look at) einsehen [Buch]

    see below/p. 15 — siehe unten/S. 15

    13) (experience, be witness of) erleben

    now I've seen everything!(iron.) hat man so etwas schon erlebt od. gesehen!

    we shall see — wir werden [ja/schon] sehen

    he will not or never see 50 again — er ist [bestimmt] über 50

    14) (imagine) sich (Dat.) vorstellen

    see somebody/oneself doing something — sich vorstellen, dass jemand/man etwas tut

    I can see it now -... — ich sehe es schon bildhaft vor mir -...

    15) (contemplate) mit ansehen; zusehen bei

    [stand by and] see somebody doing something — [tatenlos] zusehen od. es [tatenlos] mit ansehen, wie jemand etwas tut

    16) (escort) begleiten, bringen (to [bis] zu)
    17) (consent willingly to) einsehen

    not see oneself doing something — es nicht einsehen, dass man etwas tut

    2. intransitive verb,
    saw, seen

    see redrotsehen (ugs.)

    2) (make sure) nachsehen
    3) (reflect) überlegen

    let me see — lass mich überlegen; warte mal ['n Moment] (ugs.)

    4)

    I see — ich verstehe; aha (ugs.); ach so (ugs.)

    you see — weißt du/wisst ihr/wissen Sie

    there you are, you see! — Siehst du? Ich hab's doch gesagt!

    as far as I can seesoweit ich das od. es beurteilen kann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - see about
    - see into
    - see off
    - see out
    - see over
    - see through
    - see to
    * * *
    I [si:] past tense - saw; verb
    1) (to have the power of sight: After six years of blindness, he found he could see.) sehen
    2) (to be aware of by means of the eye: I can see her in the garden.) sehen
    3) (to look at: Did you see that play on television?) sehen
    4) (to have a picture in the mind: I see many difficulties ahead.) sehen
    5) (to understand: She didn't see the point of the joke.) verstehen
    6) (to investigate: Leave this here and I'll see what I can do for you.) sehen
    7) (to meet: I'll see you at the usual time.) sehen
    8) (to accompany: I'll see you home.) begleiten
    - see about
    - seeing that
    - see off
    - see out
    - see through
    - see to
    - I
    - we will see
    II [si:] noun
    (the district over which a bishop or archbishop has authority.) das (Erz)Bistum
    * * *
    see1
    <saw, seen>
    [si:]
    1. (perceive with eyes)
    to \see sb/sth jdn/etw sehen
    I've never \seen anything quite like this before so etwas habe ich ja noch nie gesehen
    have you ever \seen this man before? haben Sie diesen Mann schon einmal gesehen?
    he's \seen where you live er weiß jetzt, wo du wohnst
    I can't \see much without my glasses ohne Brille sehe ich nicht sonderlich viel
    there's nothing to \see (after accident) hier gibt's nichts zu sehen!
    I saw it happen ich habe gesehen, wie es passiert ist
    it has to be \seen to be believed man muss es gesehen haben[, sonst glaubt man es nicht]
    I'll believe it when I \see it das glaube ich auch erst, wenn ich es mit eigenen Augen gesehen habe
    to \see sb do [or doing] sth sehen, wie jd etw tut
    I saw her coming ich habe sie kommen sehen
    the woman was \seen to enter the bank die Frau wurde gesehen, wie sie die Bank betrat
    I can't believe what I'm \seeing — is that your car? ich glaube, ich spinne! ist das dein Auto?
    she didn't want to be \seen visiting the doctor sie wollte nicht, dass jemand mitbekommt, dass sie zum Arzt geht
    I've never \seen my brother eating mushrooms ich habe meinen Bruder noch nie Pilze essen sehen
    can you \see where... siehst du, wo...
    to \see sth with one's own eyes etw mit eigenen Augen sehen
    for all the world to \see in aller Öffentlichkeit
    2. (watch as a spectator)
    to \see sth film, play [sich dat] etw [an]sehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen]
    this film is really worth \seeing dieser Film ist echt sehenswert
    to \see sb in a film/in a play/on television jdn in einem Film/Stück/im Fernsehen sehen
    3. (visit place)
    to \see sth famous building, place etw ansehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen]
    I'd love to \see Salzburg again ich würde gerne noch einmal nach Salzburg gehen
    to \see the sights of a town die Sehenswürdigkeiten einer Stadt besichtigen
    to \see sth etw verstehen [o begreifen]; (discern mentally) etw erkennen
    I \see what you mean ich weiß, was du meinst
    I can't \see the difference between... and... für mich gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen... und...
    I just don't \see why... ich begreife [o verstehe] einfach nicht, warum...
    I can't \see why I should do it ich sehe einfach nicht ein, warum ich es machen sollte
    I can \see you're having trouble with your car Sie haben Probleme mit Ihrem Auto?
    I really can't \see what difference it makes to... ich weiß wirklich nicht, was es für einen Unterschied machen soll,...
    I can \see it's difficult ich verstehe ja, dass es schwierig ist
    I can \see you have been fighting ich sehe doch, dass ihr euch gezankt habt
    I can't \see the joke ich weiß nicht, was daran komisch sein soll
    I don't \see the point of that remark ich verstehe den Sinn dieser Bemerkung nicht
    \see what I mean? siehst du?
    to \see sth etw sehen
    as I \see it... so wie ich das sehe...
    try and \see it my way versuche es doch mal aus meiner Sicht zu sehen
    I \see myself as a good mother ich denke, dass ich eine gute Mutter bin
    this is how I \see it so sehe ich die Sache
    I don't \see it that way ich sehe das nicht so
    to \see sth in a new [or a different] [or another] light etw mit anderen Augen sehen
    to \see reason [or sense] Vernunft annehmen
    to \see things differently die Dinge anders sehen
    to make sb \see sth jdm etw klarmachen
    to \see oneself obliged to do sth sich akk dazu gezwungen sehen, etw zu tun
    6. (learn, find out)
    to \see sth etw feststellen
    I \see [that]... wie ich sehe,...
    I'll \see what I can do/who it is ich schaue mal, was ich tun kann/wer es ist
    let me \see if I can help you mal sehen, ob ich Ihnen helfen kann
    that remains to be \seen das wird sich zeigen
    to \see sb jdn sehen; (by chance) jdn [zufällig] treffen [o sehen]
    we're \seeing friends at the weekend wir treffen uns am Wochenende mit Freunden
    to \see a lot [or much] of sb jdn häufig sehen
    I haven't \seen much of him recently ich sehe ihn in letzter Zeit [auch] nur [noch] selten
    I haven't \seen her around much in the last few weeks in den letzten Wochen habe ich sie [auch nur] selten gesehen
    I shall be \seeing them at eight ich treffe sie um acht
    I'll \see you around bis dann!
    \see you! [or BRIT be \seeing you!] ( fam) bis bald! fam
    \see you later! ( fam: when meeting again later) bis später!; (goodbye) tschüss! fam
    \see you on Monday bis Montag!
    to go and \see sb jdn besuchen [gehen]
    to \see sb jdn sehen; (talk to) jdn sprechen; (receive) jdn empfangen
    I demand to \see the manager ich möchte mit dem Geschäftsführer sprechen!
    Mr Miller can't \see you now Herr Miller ist im Moment nicht zu sprechen
    the doctor will \see you now Sie können jetzt reingehen, der Herr Doktor ist jetzt frei
    to \see a doctor/a solicitor zum Arzt/zu einem Anwalt gehen, einen Arzt/einen Anwalt aufsuchen geh
    9. (have relationship with)
    to be \seeing sb mit jdm zusammen sein fam
    I'm not \seeing anyone at the moment ich habe im Moment keine Freundin/keinen Freund
    are you \seeing anyone? hast du einen Freund/eine Freundin?
    to \see sth sich dat etw vorstellen
    I \see a real chance of us meeting again ich glaube wirklich, dass wir uns wiedersehen
    I can't \see him getting the job ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass er den Job bekommt
    can you \see her as a teacher? kannst du dir sie als Lehrerin vorstellen?
    do you \see... kannst du dir vorstellen,...
    I can't \see myself as a waitress ich glaube nicht, dass Kellnern was für mich wäre
    to \see it coming es kommen sehen
    11. (witness, experience)
    to \see sth etw [mit]erleben
    1997 saw a slackening off in the growth of the economy 1997 kam es zu einer Verlangsamung des Wirtschaftswachstums
    he won't \see 50 again er ist gut über 50
    I've \seen it all mich überrascht nichts mehr
    now I've \seen everything! ist denn das zu fassen!
    I've \seen it all before das kenne ich alles schon!
    to \see sb do sth [mit]erleben, wie jd etw tut
    his parents saw him awarded the winner's medal seine Eltern waren mit dabei, als ihm die Siegermedaille überreicht wurde
    I can't bear to \see people being mistreated ich ertrag es nicht, wenn Menschen misshandelt werden
    to \see the day when... den Tag erleben, an dem...
    to \see life das Leben kennenlernen
    to live to \see sth etw erleben
    I shall not live to \see it das werde ich wohl nicht mehr miterleben
    12. (accompany)
    to \see sb jdn begleiten
    to \see sb into bed jdn ins Bett bringen
    to \see sb to the door [or out] /home jdn zur Tür/nach Hause bringen [o geh begleiten]
    to \see sb into a taxi jdn zum Taxi bringen
    I saw her safely into the house ich brachte sie sicher zum Haus
    13. (inspect)
    sb wants to \see sth licence, passport jd möchte etw sehen; references, records jd möchte etw [ein]sehen
    the policeman asked to \see my driving licence der Polizist wollte meinen Führerschein sehen
    let me \see that lass mich das mal sehen
    14. in imperative (refer to)
    \see... siehe...
    \see below/page 23/over[leaf] siehe unten/Seite 23/nächste Seite
    to \see sth in sb/sth etw in jdm/etw sehen
    I don't know what she \sees in him ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet
    16. (ensure)
    to \see sb right BRIT, AUS ( fam: help) jdm helfen [o behilflich sein]; (pay or reimburse) aufpassen [o dafür sorgen], dass jd sein Geld [wieder]bekommt
    to \see that sth happens dafür sorgen, dass etw passiert
    \see that this doesn't happen again sieh zu, dass das nicht noch einmal passiert
    17. (view)
    to \see sth house for sale [sich dat] etw ansehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen
    18. (in poker)
    to \see sb:
    I'll \see you ich halte
    19.
    to have \seen better days schon [einmal] bessere Tage gesehen haben
    let's \see the colour of your money first erst will ich dein Geld sehen! fam
    you couldn't \see him/her for dust man sah nur noch seine/ihre Staubwolke fam
    if... you won't \see the dust of him/her wenn..., wird er/sie die Fliege machen wie nichts sl
    he/she can't \see further than [or beyond] the end of his/her nose er/sie sieht nicht weiter als seine/ihre Nasenspitze [reicht] fam
    I'll \see him/her in hell first das wäre das Letzte, was ich täte!
    to not have \seen hide nor hair of sb jdn nicht mal von hinten gesehen haben fam
    to \see the last [or BRIT, AUS the back] of sb [endlich] jdn los sein fam
    to \see the last [or BRIT, AUS the back] of sth endlich etw überstanden haben
    sb \sees the light (understand) jdm geht ein Licht auf fam; (become enlightened) jdm gehen die Augen auf fam; (be converted) jd [er]schaut das Licht [Gottes] geh
    to \see the light of day (first appear) das Licht der Welt erblicken geh o hum
    to [go and] \see a man about a dog hingehen, wo auch der Kaiser zu Fuß hingeht euph hum fam
    to \see stars Sterne sehen fam
    to be \seeing things sich dat etw einbilden, Halluzinationen haben
    to \see one's way [clear] to doing sth es [sich dat] einrichten, etw zu tun
    to not \see the wood [or AM the forest] for the trees den Wald vor [lauter] Bäumen nicht sehen hum
    1. (use eyes) sehen
    I can't \see very well without my glasses ohne Brille kann ich nicht sehr gut sehen
    ... but \seeing is believing... doch ich habe es mit eigenen Augen gesehen!
    as far as the eye [or you] can \see so weit das Auge reicht
    2. (look) sehen
    let me \see! lass mich mal sehen!
    \see for yourself! sieh doch selbst!; (in theatre etc.)
    can you \see? können Sie noch sehen?
    there, \see, Grandad's mended it for you schau mal, Opa hat es dir wieder repariert!
    3. (understand, realize)
    ... — oh, I \see!... — aha!
    I \see ich verstehe
    you \see! it wasn't that difficult was it? na siehst du, das war doch gar nicht so schwer!
    \see, I don't love you anymore ich liebe dich einfach nicht mehr, o.k.? fam
    you \see,... weißt du/wissen Sie,...
    well, you \see, all these rooms are going to be decorated alle Zimmer werden natürlich noch renoviert
    \see?! siehst du?!
    as far as I can \see... so wie ich das sehe...
    I \see from your report... Ihrem Bericht entnehme ich,...
    ... so I \see... das sehe [o merke] ich
    now, \see here, I only bought this ticket a month ago also, dieses Ticket habe ich erst vor einem Monat gekauft!
    5. (find out) nachsehen, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. nachschauen; (in the future) herausfinden
    wait and \see abwarten und Tee trinken fam
    well, we'll \see schau ma mal! fam
    let me \see lass' mich mal überlegen
    you'll \see du wirst schon sehen!
    you'll soon \see for yourself du wirst es schon bald selbst sehen!
    6.
    to not \see eye to eye [with sb] nicht derselben Ansicht sein [wie jd]
    to \see fit to do sth es für angebracht halten, etw zu tun
    to \see red rotsehen fam
    to make sb \see red jdn zur Weißglut treiben fam
    see2
    [si:]
    n (of bishop or archbishop) [Erz]bistum nt; (Catholic) [Erz]diözese f
    the Holy S\see der Heilige Stuhl
    * * *
    see1 [siː] prät saw [sɔː], pperf seen [siːn]
    A v/t
    1. sehen:
    see page 15 siehe Seite 15;
    as I see it fig wie ich es sehe, in meinen Augen, meiner Meinung nach;
    I see things otherwise fig ich sehe oder betrachte die Dinge anders;
    I cannot see myself doing it fig ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass ich es tue;
    I cannot see my way to doing it ich weiß nicht, wie ich es anstellen soll;
    I see myself obliged to go ich sehe mich gezwungen zu gehen;
    I wonder what he sees in her ich möchte wissen, was er an ihr findet;
    let us see what can be done wir wollen sehen, was sich machen lässt;
    little was seen of the attack SPORT vom Angriff war nur wenig zu sehen (siehe weitere Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven etc)
    2. (ab)sehen, erkennen:
    see danger ahead Gefahr auf sich zukommen sehen
    3. entnehmen, ersehen ( beide:
    from aus der Zeitung etc)
    4. (ein)sehen:
    I do not see what he means ich verstehe nicht, was er meint;
    I don’t see the importance of it ich verstehe nicht, was daran so wichtig sein soll;
    I don’t see the use of it ich weiß nicht, wozu das gut sein soll; joke A 2
    5. (sich) etwas ansehen, besuchen: worth1 A 2
    6. herausfinden:
    see who it is sieh nach, wer es ist
    7. dafür sorgen(, dass):
    see (to it) that it is done sorge dafür oder sieh zu, dass es geschieht;
    see justice done to sb dafür sorgen, dass jemandem Gerechtigkeit widerfährt
    8. a) besuchen
    b) sich treffen mit:
    they have been seeing a lot of each other lately sie sind in letzter Zeit oft zusammen;
    he has been seeing her for two years er geht schon seit zwei Jahren mit ihr umg
    9. aufsuchen, konsultieren ( beide:
    about wegen), sprechen ( on business geschäftlich), US umg (mal) mit jemandem reden (um ihn zu beeinflussen):
    10. empfangen:
    11. begleiten, geleiten:
    see sb home jemanden heimbegleiten, jemanden nach Hause bringen;
    see sb to bed jemanden zu Bett bringen;
    see sb to the station jemanden zum Bahnhof bringen oder begleiten;
    see sb across the street jemanden über die Straße bringen; see off 1, see out 1
    12. sehen, erleben:
    live to see erleben;
    see action MIL im Einsatz sein, Kämpfe mitmachen;
    he has seen better days er hat schon bessere Tage gesehen
    13. besonders Poker: mithalten mit
    B v/i
    1. sehen:
    she doesn’t see very well with her left eye sie sieht nicht sehr gut auf dem linken Auge;
    we haven’t seen much of him lately wir haben ihn in letzter Zeit nicht allzu oft gesehen;
    you’ll see du wirst schon sehen
    2. einsehen, verstehen:
    I see! (ich) verstehe!, aha!, ach so!;
    (you) see, … weißt du oder wissen Sie, …;
    (you) see? umg verstehst du?;
    as far as I can see soviel ich sehen kann
    3. nachsehen:
    go and see (for) yourself!
    4. überlegen:
    let me see! warte(n Sie) mal!, lass mich überlegen!;
    we’ll see wir werden sehen, mal sehen oder abwarten
    see2 [siː] s REL
    1. (Erz)Bischofssitz m, (erz)bischöflicher Stuhl:
    Apostolic ( oder Holy) See (der) Apostolische oder Heilige Stuhl
    2. (Erz)Bistum n:
    3. obs ( besonders Thron)Sitz m
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    v. abk
    1. MATH vector
    3. verb
    5. JUR SPORT versus, against
    6. very
    7. vide, see
    9. ELEK volt ( volts pl) V
    10. ELEK voltage
    11. volume
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,

    let somebody see something (show) jemandem etwas zeigen

    I saw her fall or falling — ich habe sie fallen sehen

    he was seen to leave or seen leaving the building — er ist beim Verlassen des Gebäudes gesehen worden

    they saw it happen — sie haben gesehen, wie es passiert ist

    be worth seeing — sehenswert sein; sich lohnen (ugs.)

    see the light(fig.): (undergo conversion) das Licht schauen (geh.)

    I saw the light(I realized my error etc.) mir ging ein Licht auf (ugs.)

    I must be seeing things(joc.) ich glaub', ich seh' nicht richtig

    see the sights/town — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten/Stadt ansehen

    see one's way [clear] to do or to doing something — es einrichten, etwas zu tun

    2) (watch) sehen

    let's see a filmsehen wir uns (Dat.) einen Film an!

    3) (meet [with]) sehen; treffen; (meet socially) zusammenkommen mit; sich treffen mit

    I'll see you there/at 5 — wir sehen uns dort/um 5

    see you!(coll.)

    [I'll] be seeing you! — (coll.) bis bald! (ugs.)

    see you on Saturday/soon — bis Samstag/bald; see also long I 1. 3)

    4) (speak to) sprechen [Person] ( about wegen); (pay visit to) gehen zu, (geh.) aufsuchen [Arzt, Anwalt usw.]; (receive) empfangen

    the doctor will see you now — Herr/Frau Doktor lässt bitten

    whom would you like to see? — wen möchten Sie sprechen?; zu wem möchten Sie?

    I can see it's difficult for you — ich verstehe, dass es nicht leicht für dich ist

    I see what you mean — ich verstehe [was du meinst]

    I saw that it was a mistake — mir war klar, dass es ein Fehler war

    he didn't see the joke — er fand es [gar] nicht lustig; (did not understand) er hat den Witz nicht verstanden

    I can't think what she sees in him — ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet

    6) (consider) sehen

    let me see what I can do — [ich will] mal sehen, was ich tun kann

    7) (foresee) sehen

    I can see I'm going to be busy — ich sehe [es] schon [kommen], dass ich beschäftigt sein werde

    I can see it won't be easy — ich sehe schon, dass es nicht einfach sein wird

    8) (find out) feststellen; (by looking) nachsehen

    see if you can read this — guck mal, ob du das hier lesen kannst (ugs.)

    9) (take view of) sehen; betrachten
    10) (learn) sehen

    I see from your letter that... — ich entnehme Ihrem Brief, dass...

    see [that]... — zusehen od. darauf achten, dass...

    12) usu. in imper. (look at) einsehen [Buch]

    see below/p. 15 — siehe unten/S. 15

    13) (experience, be witness of) erleben

    now I've seen everything!(iron.) hat man so etwas schon erlebt od. gesehen!

    we shall see — wir werden [ja/schon] sehen

    he will not or never see 50 again — er ist [bestimmt] über 50

    14) (imagine) sich (Dat.) vorstellen

    see somebody/oneself doing something — sich vorstellen, dass jemand/man etwas tut

    I can see it now -... — ich sehe es schon bildhaft vor mir -...

    15) (contemplate) mit ansehen; zusehen bei

    [stand by and] see somebody doing something — [tatenlos] zusehen od. es [tatenlos] mit ansehen, wie jemand etwas tut

    16) (escort) begleiten, bringen (to [bis] zu)

    not see oneself doing something — es nicht einsehen, dass man etwas tut

    2. intransitive verb,
    saw, seen

    see redrotsehen (ugs.)

    2) (make sure) nachsehen
    3) (reflect) überlegen

    let me see — lass mich überlegen; warte mal ['n Moment] (ugs.)

    4)

    I see — ich verstehe; aha (ugs.); ach so (ugs.)

    you see — weißt du/wisst ihr/wissen Sie

    there you are, you see! — Siehst du? Ich hab's doch gesagt!

    as far as I can seesoweit ich das od. es beurteilen kann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: saw, seen)
    = anzeigen v.
    sehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sah, gesehen)
    zusehen v.

    English-german dictionary > see

  • 5 measure

    1. noun
    1) Maß, das

    weights and measures — Maße und Gewichte

    for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

    give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

    made to measurepred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

    2) (degree) Menge, die

    in some measurein gewisser Hinsicht

    a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

    3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

    it gave us some measure of the problemsdas gab uns eine Vorstellung von den Problemen

    beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

    4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der
    5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

    take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen

    2. transitive verb
    1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

    measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

    2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

    measure something [off] — etwas abmessen

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (have a given size) messen
    2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/89057/measure_out">measure out
    * * *
    ['meʒə] 1. noun
    1) (an instrument for finding the size, amount etc of something: a glass measure for liquids; a tape-measure.) das Meßgerät
    2) (a unit: The metre is a measure of length.) das Maß
    3) (a system of measuring: dry/liquid/square measure.) die Maßeinheit
    4) (a plan of action or something done: We must take (= use, or put into action) certain measures to stop the increase in crime.) die Maßnahme
    5) (a certain amount: a measure of sympathy.) ein gewisses Maß
    6) ((in music) the musical notes contained between two bar lines.)
    2. verb
    1) (to find the size, amount etc of (something): He measured the table.) messen
    2) (to show the size, amount etc of: A thermometer measures temperature.) messen
    3) ((with against, besides etc) to judge in comparison with: She measured her skill in cooking against her friend's.) messen
    4) (to be a certain size: This table measures two metres by one metre.) messen
    - measurement
    - beyond measure
    - for good measure
    - full measure
    - made to measure
    - measure out
    - measure up
    * * *
    meas·ure
    [ˈmeʒəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. (unit) Maß nt, Maßeinheit f
    a \measure of capacity ein Hohlmaß nt
    a \measure of length ein Längenmaß nt
    he poured himself a generous \measure of whiskey er schenkte sich einen großen Whisky ein
    2. ( fig: degree) Maß nt, Grad m
    there was a large \measure of agreement between us zwischen uns gab es ein hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung
    there was some \measure of truth in what he said an dem, was er sagte, war etwas Wahres dran
    in large \measure in hohem Maß, zum großen Teil
    in some \measure gewissermaßen, in gewisser Beziehung
    3. (measuring instrument) Messgerät nt; (ruler, yardstick) Messstab m; (container) Messbecher m, Messglas nt
    4. (indicator) Maßstab m
    examinations are not always the best \measure of students' progress Prüfungen sind nicht immer ein zuverlässiger Indikator für die Fortschritte der Schüler
    to be a \measure of sb's popularity ein Maßstab für jds Popularität sein
    5. usu pl (action) also LAW Maßnahme f
    the \measures we have taken are designed to prevent such accidents occurring in future die Maßnahmen, die wir ergriffen haben, sollen solche Unfälle in Zukunft verhindern
    \measures pl required Handlungsbedarf m
    6. POL (bill) gesetzliche Maßnahme, Bestimmung f, Verfügung f
    7. LIT (metre) Versmaß nt, Metrum nt
    8. AM MUS (bar) Takt m
    9. TYPO Satzbreite f
    10.
    beyond \measure über die [o alle] Maßen
    there are no half \measures with me ich mache keine halben Sachen
    to get [or take] the \measure of sb/sth (assess) jdn/etw einschätzen [o kennenlernen]; (understand) jdn/etw verstehen
    for good \measure (in addition) zusätzlich, noch dazu; (to ensure success) sicherheitshalber
    II. vt
    1. (find out size)
    to \measure sth etw [ab]messen
    to \measure sb for a dress/suit jds Maße für ein Kleid/einen Anzug nehmen
    to \measure sth in centimetres/pounds etw in Zentimetern/Pfund messen
    delays \measured by weeks are frustrating wochenlange Verspätungen sind frustrierend
    to \measure sb's heart rate jds Puls messen
    to \measure sb performance jds Leistung beurteilen
    to \measure a room ein Zimmer ausmessen
    2. (be certain size/quantity)
    to \measure sth etw betragen
    3.
    to \measure one's length [on the ground] auf die Schnauze [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. aufs Maul] fallen sl
    III. vi messen
    the box \measures 10cm by 10cm by 12cm der Karton misst 10 mal 10 mal 12 cm
    * * *
    ['meZə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= unit of measurement) Maß(einheit f) nt

    beyond measure —

    See:
    weight
    2) (= object for measuring) Maß nt; (graduated for length) Maßstab m; (graduated for volume) Messbecher m
    3) (= amount measured) Menge f

    to give sb full/short measure (barman) — richtig/zu wenig ausschenken; (grocer) richtig/zu wenig abwiegen

    for good measure — zur Sicherheit, sicherheitshalber

    ... and another one for good measure —... und noch eines obendrein

    4) (fig: yardstick) Maßstab m (of für)

    MacLeod's approval is the measure of a good whisky —

    please consider this as a measure of my esteem for... — bitte betrachten Sie dies als Ausdruck meiner Anerkennung für...

    it's a measure of his skill as a writer that... — seine schriftstellerischen Fähigkeiten lassen sich daran beurteilen, dass...

    5)

    (= extent) in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht or Beziehung

    to a large measure, in large measure — in hohem Maße

    to get the measure of sb/sth — jdn/etw (richtig) einschätzen

    6) (= step) Maßnahme f

    to take measures to do sth — Maßnahmen ergreifen, um etw zu tun

    7) (POET) Versmaß nt
    8) (US MUS) Takt m
    9) (old: dance) Tanz m

    to tread a measure with sbmit jdm ein Tänzchen wagen

    2. vt
    messen; length also abmessen; room also ausmessen; (= take sb's measurements) Maß nehmen bei; (fig) beurteilen, abschätzen; words abwägen
    3. vi
    messen

    what does it measure? — wie viel misst es?, wie groß ist es?

    * * *
    measure [ˈmeʒə(r); US auch ˈmeı-]
    A s
    1. Maß(einheit) n(f):
    cubic measure, solid measure Raum-, Kubikmaß;
    lineal measure, linear measure, long measure, measure of length Längenmaß;
    square measure, superficial measure Flächenmaß;
    2. fig (richtiges oder vernünftiges) Maß, Ausmaß n:
    beyond (all) measure über alle Maßen, grenzenlos;
    her joy was beyond measure ihre Freude kannte keine Grenzen;
    for good measure noch dazu, obendrein;
    a) in großem Maße, überaus,
    b) großenteils;
    in some measure, in a (certain) measure gewissermaßen, bis zu einem gewissen Grade;
    without measure ohne Maßen;
    set measures to Grenzen setzen (dat);
    know no measure kein Maß kennen
    3. Messen n, Maß n:
    (made) to measure nach Maß (gearbeitet);
    take the measure of sth etwas abmessen;
    take sb’s measure
    a) jemandem Maß nehmen ( for a suit für einen Anzug),
    b) auch get sb’s measure fig jemanden taxieren oder ab-, einschätzen;
    I have his measure ich habe ihn durchschaut; made-to-measure
    4. Maß n, Messgerät n:
    weigh with two measures fig mit zweierlei Maß messen; tape measure
    5. fig Maßstab m (of für):
    be a measure of sth einer Sache als Maßstab dienen;
    Man is the measure of all things der Mensch ist das Maß aller Dinge
    6. Anteil m, Portion f, gewisse Menge
    7. a) MATH Maß(einheit) n(f), Teiler m, Faktor m
    b) PHYS Maßeinheit f:
    2 is a measure of 4 2 ist Teiler von 4;
    measure of dispersion Streuungs-, Verteilungsmaß
    8. (abgemessener) Teil, Grenze f:
    set a measure to sth etwas begrenzen;
    the measure of my days BIBEL die Dauer meines Lebens
    9. LIT
    a) Silbenmaß n
    b) Versglied n
    c) Versmaß n, Metrum n
    10. MUS
    a) Takt(art) m(f)
    b) Takt m (als Quantität):
    c) Zeitmaß n, Tempo n
    d) Takt m, Rhythmus m
    e) Mensur f (bei Orgelpfeifen):
    tread ( oder trip) a measure obs tanzen ( with mit)
    11. poet Weise f, Melodie f
    12. pl GEOL Lager n, Flöz n
    13. CHEM Mensur f, Grad m (eines graduierten Gefäßes)
    14. TYPO Zeilen-, Satz-, Kolumnenbreite f
    15. Fechten: Mensur f, Abstand m
    16. Maßnahme f, -regel f, Schritt m:
    take measures Maßnahmen treffen oder ergreifen; legal A 4
    17. JUR gesetzliche Maßnahme, Verfügung f
    B v/t
    1. (ver)messen, ab-, aus-, zumessen:
    measure one’s length fig der Länge nach oder längelang hinfallen;
    measure sb (be [ oder get] measured) for a suit jemandem Maß nehmen (sich Maß nehmen lassen) für einen Anzug
    a) ausmessen, die Ausmaße oder Grenzen bestimmen, ein Bergwerk markscheiden,
    b) harte Strafen etc verhängen
    3. fig ermessen
    4. (ab)messen, abschätzen ( beide:
    by an dat):
    measured by ( oder against) gemessen an
    5. beurteilen (by nach)
    6. vergleichen, messen ( beide:
    against, with mit):
    measure o.s. against sb;
    measure one’s strength with sb seine Kräfte mit jemandem messen;
    measure swords bes fig die Klingen kreuzen ( with mit)
    7. eine Strecke durchmessen, zurücklegen
    C v/i
    1. Messungen vornehmen
    2. messen, groß sein:
    it measures 7 inches es misst 7 Zoll, ist ist 7 Zoll lang
    a) die Ansprüche (gen) erfüllen, gut abschneiden im Vergleich zu,
    b) den Ansprüchen etc gewachsen sein,
    c) heranreichen an (akk)
    meas. abk
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Maß, das

    for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

    give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

    made to measurepred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

    2) (degree) Menge, die

    a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

    3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

    beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

    4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der
    5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

    take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen

    2. transitive verb
    1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

    measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

    2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

    measure something [off] — etwas abmessen

    3. intransitive verb
    2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (music) n.
    Takt -e (Musik) m. n.
    Maß -e (Mathematik) n.
    Maß -e n.
    Maßeinheit f.
    Maßnahme -n f.
    Metrum n.
    Takt -e m. v.
    messen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: maß, gemessen)
    vermessen v.

    English-german dictionary > measure

  • 6 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 7 hand

    1. noun
    1) (Anat., Zool.) Hand, die

    eat from or out of somebody's hand — (lit. or fig.) jemandem aus der Hand fressen

    get one's hands dirty(lit. or fig.) sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

    give somebody one's hand(reach, shake) jemandem die Hand geben od. reichen

    give or lend [somebody] a hand [with or in something] — [jemandem] [bei etwas] helfen

    pass or go through somebody's hands — (fig.) durch jemandes Hand od. Hände gehen

    hand in handHand in Hand

    go hand in hand [with something] — (fig.) [mit etwas] Hand in Hand gehen

    the problem/matter in hand — das vorliegende Problem/die vorliegende Angelegenheit

    hold handsHändchen halten (ugs. scherzh.); sich bei den Händen halten

    hold somebody's hand — jemandes Hand halten; jemandem die Hand halten; (fig.): (give somebody close guidance) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen; (fig.): (give somebody moral support or backing) jemandem das Händchen halten (iron.)

    hands off!Hände od. Finger weg!

    take/keep one's hands off somebody/something — jemanden/etwas loslassen/nicht anfassen

    keep one's hands off something(fig.) die Finger von etwas lassen (ugs.)

    hands up [all those in favour] — wer dafür ist, hebt die Hand!

    hands up!(as sign of surrender) Hände hoch!

    hands down(fig.) (easily) mit links (ugs.); (without a doubt, by a large margin) ganz klar (ugs.)

    be at hand(be nearby) in der Nähe sein; (be about to happen) unmittelbar bevorstehen

    out of hand(summarily) kurzerhand

    be to hand(be readily available, within reach) zur Hand sein; (be received) [Brief, Notiz, Anweisung:] vorliegen

    go/pass from hand to hand — von Hand zu Hand gehen

    be hand in glove [with] — unter einer Decke stecken [mit]

    wait on somebody hand and foot(fig.) jemanden vorn und hinten bedienen (ugs.)

    have one's hands full — die Hände voll haben; (fig.): (be fully occupied) alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.)

    hand on heart(fig.) Hand aufs Herz

    get one's hands on somebody/something — jemanden erwischen od. (ugs.) in die Finger kriegen/etwas auftreiben

    lay or put one's hand on something — etwas finden

    by hand(manually) mit der od. von Hand; (in handwriting) handschriftlich; (by messenger) durch Boten

    2) (fig.): (authority)

    with a firm/iron hand — mit starker Hand/eiserner Faust [regieren]

    he needs a father's hander braucht die väterliche Hand

    get out of hand — außer Kontrolle geraten; see also academic.ru/73191/take">take 1. 6); upper 1. 1)

    have a free hand to do something — freie Hand haben, etwas zu tun

    3) in pl. (custody)

    in somebody's hands, in the hands of somebody — (in somebody's possession) in jemandes Besitz; (in somebody's care) in jemandes Obhut

    fall into somebody's hands[Person, Geld:] jemandem in die Hände fallen

    have [got] something/somebody on one's hands — sich um etwas/jemanden kümmern müssen

    he's got such a lot/enough on his hands at the moment — er hat augenblicklich so viel/genug um die Ohren (ugs.)

    have time on one's hands — [viel] Zeit haben; (too much) mit seiner Zeit nichts anzufangen wissen

    take somebody/something off somebody's hands — jemandem jemanden/etwas abnehmen

    have something in hand — etwas zur Verfügung haben; (not used up) etwas [übrig] haben

    be on handda sein

    5) (share)

    have a hand in somethingbei etwas seine Hände im Spiel haben

    take a hand [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] beteiligen

    6) (agency) Wirken, das (geh.)

    suffer/suffer injustice at the hands of somebody — unter jemandem/jemandes Ungerechtigkeit zu leiden haben

    7) (pledge of marriage)

    ask for or seek somebody's hand [in marriage] — um jemandes Hand bitten od. (geh.) anhalten

    8) (worker) Arbeitskraft, die; Arbeiter, der; (Naut.): (seaman) Hand, die (fachspr.); Matrose, der
    9) (person having ability)

    be a good/poor hand at tennis — ein guter/schwacher Tennisspieler sein

    10) (source) Quelle, die

    at first/second/third hand — aus erster/zweiter/dritter Hand; see also firsthand; second-hand

    11) (skill) Geschick, das

    get one's hand inwieder in Übung kommen od. (ugs.) reinkommen

    12) (style of handwriting) Handschrift, die; (signature) Unterschrift, die
    13) (of clock or watch) Zeiger, der
    14) (side) Seite, die

    on the right/left hand — rechts/links; rechter/linker Hand

    on somebody's right/left hand — rechts/links von jemandem; zu jemandes Rechten/Linken

    on every handvon allen Seiten [umringt sein]; ringsum [etwas sehen]

    on the one hand..., [but] on the other [hand]... — einerseits..., andererseits...; auf der einen Seite..., auf der anderen Seite...

    15) (measurement) Handbreit, die
    16) (coll.): (applause) Beifall, der; Applaus, der

    give him a big hand, let's have a big hand for him — viel Applaus od. Beifall für ihn!

    17) (cards) Karte, die; (period of play) Runde, die; see also throw in 4)
    2. transitive verb
    geben; [Überbringer:] übergeben [Sendung, Lieferung]

    hand something [a]round — (pass round, circulate) etwas herumgeben; (among group) etwas herumgehen lassen

    you've got to hand it to them/her — etc. (fig. coll.) das muss man ihnen/ihr usw. lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [hænd] 1. noun
    1) (the part of the body at the end of the arm.) die Hand
    2) (a pointer on a clock, watch etc: Clocks usually have an hour hand and a minute hand.) der Zeiger
    3) (a person employed as a helper, crew member etc: a farm hand; All hands on deck!) der Arbeiter,der Mann
    4) (help; assistance: Can I lend a hand?; Give me a hand with this box, please.) die Hilfe
    5) (a set of playing-cards dealt to a person: I had a very good hand so I thought I had a chance of winning.) das Blatt
    6) (a measure (approximately centimetres) used for measuring the height of horses: a horse of 14 hands.) die Handbreit
    7) (handwriting: written in a neat hand.) die Handschrift
    2. verb
    (often with back, down, up etc)
    1) (to give (something) to someone by hand: I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me.) geben
    2) (to pass, transfer etc into another's care etc: That is the end of my report from Paris. I'll now hand you back to Fred Smith in the television studio in London.) zurückgeben
    - handful
    - handbag
    - handbill
    - handbook
    - handbrake
    - handcuff
    - handcuffs
    - hand-lens
    - handmade
    - hand-operated
    - hand-out
    - hand-picked
    - handshake
    - handstand
    - handwriting
    - handwritten
    - at hand
    - at the hands of
    - be hand in glove with someone
    - be hand in glove
    - by hand
    - fall into the hands of someone
    - fall into the hands
    - force someone's hand
    - get one's hands on
    - give/lend a helping hand
    - hand down
    - hand in
    - hand in hand
    - hand on
    - hand out
    - hand-out
    - handout
    - hand over
    - hand over fist
    - hands down
    - hands off! - hands-on
    - hands up! - hand to hand
    - have a hand in something
    - have a hand in
    - have/get/gain the upper hand
    - hold hands with someone
    - hold hands
    - in good hands
    - in hand
    - in the hands of
    - keep one's hand in
    - off one's hands
    - on hand
    - on the one hand... on the other hand
    -... on the other hand
    - out of hand
    - shake hands with someone / shake someone's hand
    - shake hands with / shake someone's hand
    - a show of hands
    - take in hand
    - to hand
    * * *
    [hænd]
    I. NOUN
    1. ANAT Hand f
    all these toys are made by \hand das ganze Spielzeug hier ist handgemacht
    get [or keep] your \hands off! Hände [o fam Pfoten] weg!
    \hands up! Hände hoch!
    \hands up who wants to come! Hand hoch, wer kommen will
    he had his \hands in his pockets er hatte die Hände in den Hosentaschen
    they were just holding \hands sie hielten doch nur Händchen
    the letter was delivered by \hand der Brief wurde durch einen Boten überbracht
    the student put up her \hand die Schülerin meldete sich
    to crawl on \hands and knees auf allen vieren kriechen
    to get down on one's \hands and knees auf die Knie gehen
    pen in \hand mit gezücktem Stift
    to have one's \hands full die Hände voll haben
    to be good with one's \hands geschickte Hände haben, manuell geschickt sein
    in one's [left/right] \hand in der [linken/rechten] Hand
    to get one's \hands dirty ( also fig) sich dat die Hände schmutzig machen
    to change \hands ( fig) in andere Hände übergehen
    to do sth by \hand (not by machine) work etw von Hand machen; product etw von Hand fertigen
    to hold sb's \hand jdm die Hand halten
    to keep one's \hands off sth die Finger von etw dat lassen
    to keep one's \hands off sb die Hände von jdm lassen
    to put sth into sb's \hands jdm etw in die Hand geben
    to shake \hands with sb, to shake sb's \hand jdm die Hand schütteln; (done when introducing) sich dat die Hand geben
    to take sth out of sb's \hands jdm etw aus der Hand nehmen
    to take sb by the \hand jdn an die [o bei der] Hand nehmen
    to lead sb by the \hand jdn an der Hand führen
    \hand in \hand Hand in Hand; (give assistance) jdn bei der Hand nehmen
    2. (needing attention)
    at \hand vorliegend
    the job at \hand die Arbeit, die zu tun ist
    the problem in \hand das anstehende Problem
    the matter in \hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit
    in \hand bei der Hand, verfügbar
    he had a lot of money in \hand er hatte viel Geld zur Verfügung
    4. (close, within reach)
    at [or to] \hand nah, in Reichweite
    to \hand COMM zur Hand
    to keep sth close at \hand etw in Reichweite haben
    to keep sth ready at \hand etw bereithalten
    to be at \hand zur Verfügung stehen, verfügbar sein
    we want to ensure that help is at \hand for all wir wollen sicherstellen, dass allen geholfen werden kann
    to have sth to \hand etw zur Verfügung haben
    he uses whatever materials come to \hand er verwendet einfach alle Materialien, die ihm in die Hände kommen
    to have sth on one's \hands etw an der Hand haben, über etw akk verfügen
    she's got a lot of work on her \hands sie hat wahnsinnig viel zu tun
    he's got a lot of time on his \hands er hat viel Zeit zur Verfügung
    we've got a problem on our \hands wir haben ein Problem am Hals
    5. (at one's service)
    on \hand (available) bereit, zur Verfügung
    my bank always has an advisor on \hand in meiner Bank steht den Kunden immer ein Berater zur Verfügung
    it's the \hand of fate das ist die Hand des Schicksals
    at [or by] the \hands of sb/sth durch jdn/etw
    my life is in your \hands mein Leben liegt in Ihren Händen
    your life is in your own \hands Sie haben Ihr Leben selbst in der Hand
    to be in good [or excellent] \hands in guten Händen sein
    to be in safe \hands in sicheren Händen sein
    to get sb/sth off one's \hands jdn/etw los sein
    we can relax now that we've got the kids off our \hands jetzt wo man uns die Kinder abgenommen hat, können wir etwas ausspannen
    to have a \hand in sth bei etw dat seine Hand [o die Finger] [mit] im Spiel haben, bei etw dat mitmischen
    it is thought that terrorists had a \hand in this explosion man geht davon aus, dass der Bombenanschlag auf das Konto von Terroristen geht
    to leave sth/sb in sb's \hands jdm etw überlassen/jdn in jds Obhut lassen
    to put sth into the \hands of sb/sth jdm/etw etw übergeben [o überlassen]
    there's no more we can do except leave it in the solicitor's \hands jetzt können wir nichts weiter tun als alles dem Anwalt zu überlassen
    my \hands are tied mir sind die Hände gebunden
    sth is in \hand (receiving attention, being arranged) für etw akk ist gesorgt
    to be well in \hand gut laufen fam
    to have sth well in \hand etw gut im Griff haben
    a firm \hand eine [ge]strenge Hand
    to fall into the wrong \hands in die falschen Hände geraten [o gelangen]
    to be in/out of sb's \hands unter/außerhalb jds Kontrolle sein
    it's in your \hands now, you deal with it das liegt jetzt in deiner Hand, du bearbeitest das
    to have everything in \hand alles unter Kontrolle haben
    to get out of \hand situation, matter außer Kontrolle geraten; children nicht mehr zu bändigen sein
    the horse got out of \hand ich/er, usw. verlor die Kontrolle über das Pferd
    the party got out of hand die Party ist ausgeartet
    to have sth in \hand etw unter Kontrolle haben
    to take sb/sth in \hand sich dat jdn/etw vornehmen
    8. (assistance) Hilfe f
    would you like a \hand with that bag? soll ich Ihnen helfen, die Tasche zu tragen?
    would you like a \hand carrying those bags? soll ich Ihnen beim Tragen der Taschen helfen?
    to give [or lend] sb a \hand [with sth] jdm [bei etw dat] helfen [o behilflich sein]
    to [be able to] use a \hand with sth esp AM bei etw dat Hilfe gebrauchen [können]
    9. (manual worker) Arbeiter(in) m(f), Kraft f, Mann m
    how many extra \hands will we need? wie viele Leute brauchen wir extra?; (sailor) Matrose m
    factory \hand ungelernter Fabrikarbeiter/ungelernte Fabrikarbeiterin
    10. (skilful person) Könner(in) m(f)
    [to be] a dab \hand at sth ein Könner/eine Könnerin auf seinem/ihrem Gebiet [sein], ein Geschick nt für etw akk haben
    he's quite a \hand at wallpapering er ist ziemlich gut beim Tapezieren
    he's a real Russia \hand er ist ein echter Russlandkenner
    I'm an old \hand at... ich bin ein alter Hase im/in der...
    to be good with one's \hands handfertig sein
    to keep one's \hand in (stay in practice) in Übung bleiben
    to turn one's \hand to sth sich akk an etw akk machen
    Jane can turn her \hand to just about anything Jane gelingt einfach alles, was sie anpackt
    11. (on clock, watch) Zeiger m
    minute \hand Minutenzeiger m
    the big/little \hand der große/kleine Zeiger
    12. CARDS Blatt nt
    to deal a \hand ein Blatt nt austeilen
    to show one's \hand seine Karten [o sein Blatt] zeigen
    a \hand of poker eine Runde Poker
    13. (horse measurement) Handbreit f
    14. (handwriting) Handschrift f
    in sb's \hand in jds Handschrift
    the note was written in someone else's \hand jemand anders hatte die Nachricht geschrieben
    to give sb a big \hand jdm einen großen Applaus spenden, jdn mit großem Beifall begrüßen
    16. (without consideration)
    out of \hand kurzerhand, mir nichts dir nichts fam
    they rejected any negotiations out of \hand sie schlugen jedwelche Verhandlungen kurzerhand aus
    17. COMM (in stock)
    goods on \hand Vorräte pl
    inventory on \hand FIN Vorratsbestand m
    stock on \hand verfügbarer Bestand m
    18. FIN
    note of \hand Schuldschein m
    19. COMPUT
    \hands off automatisches System
    \hands on operatorbedientes System
    20.
    to ask for sb's \hand in marriage ( form) jdn um ihre/seine Hand bitten, jdm einen Heiratsantrag machen
    a bird in the \hand [is worth two in the bush] ( prov) ein Spatz in der Hand ist besser als die Taube auf dem Dach prov
    to eat out of sb's \hands jdm aus der Hand fressen
    at first/second \hand aus erster/zweiter Hand
    to get one's \hands on sb jdn zu fassen kriegen fam, jdn schnappen fam
    to be \hand in glove [with sb] [or AM\hand and \hand] [mit jdm] unter einer Decke stecken pej
    to go \hand in \hand [with sth] Hand in Hand gehen [mit etw dat]
    to have got [sb] on one's \hands [mit jdm] zu tun haben
    to have one's \hands full jede Menge zu tun haben
    to only have one pair of \hands auch nur zwei Hände haben
    to keep a firm \hand on sth etw fest im Griff behalten
    to lay [or get] [or put] one's \hands on sth etw erwerben [o erstehen] [o fam kriegen]
    to live from \hand to mouth von der Hand in den Mund leben, sich akk gerade so durchschlagen fam, gerade so über die Runden kommen fam
    to lose/make money \hand over fist Geld schnell verlieren/scheffeln
    many \hands make light work ( prov) viele Hände machen der Arbeit bald ein Ende prov
    on the one \hand... on the other [\hand]... einerseits... andererseits
    to put in \hand esp BRIT ausführen
    all hospitals now have disaster plans to put in \hand allen Krankenhäusern stehen jetzt Katastrophenvorkehrungen zur Verfügung
    to put [or dip] one's \hand in the till in die Kasse greifen, einen Griff in die Kasse tun
    with one \hand tied:
    I could beat you with one \hand tied ich könnte dich mit links schlagen
    to have one's \hands tied nichts tun können
    my \hands have been tied mir sind die Hände gebunden
    to wait on sb \hand and foot jdn von vorne bis hinten bedienen
    to win \hands down spielend [o mit links] gewinnen
    to \hand sb sth [or to \hand sth to sb] jdm etw [über]geben [o [über]reichen]
    you've got to \hand it to sb man muss es jdm lassen
    to \hand sb a line [or a line to sb] ( fam) jdn anlügen; (less seriously) jdn anschwindeln
    * * *
    hand [hænd]
    A s
    1. Hand f:
    hands off! Hände weg!;
    hands up! Hände hoch!;
    with one’s hands up mit erhobenen Händen;
    a helping hand fig eine hilfreiche Hand;
    give ( oder lend) a (helping) hand mit zugreifen, jemandem helfen ( with bei);
    give sth a helping hand pej bei etwas mithelfen;
    do you need a hand? soll ich dir helfen?;
    give sb a hand up jemandem auf die Beine helfen oder hochhelfen;
    he asked for her hand er hielt um ihre Hand an;
    be good with one’s hands handwerkliches Geschick haben; stand B 1
    2. a) Hand f (eines Affen)
    b) Vorderfuß m (eines Pferdes etc)
    c) Fuß m (eines Falken)
    d) Schere f (eines Krebses)
    3. Urheber(in), Verfasser(in)
    4. meist pl Hand f, Macht f, Gewalt f:
    I am entirely in your hands ich bin ganz in Ihrer Hand;
    fall into sb’s hands jemandem in die Hände fallen
    5. pl Hände pl, Obhut f:
    6. pl Hände pl, Besitz m:
    in private hands in Privathand, in Privatbesitz;
    change hands Bes Redew
    7. Hand f (Handlungs-, besonders Regierungsweise):
    with a high hand selbstherrlich, anmaßend, willkürlich, eigenmächtig;
    with (a) heavy hand hart, streng, mit harter Hand; iron B 3
    8. Hand f, Quelle f:
    at first hand aus erster Hand
    9. Hand f, Fügung f, Einfluss m, Wirken n:
    the hand of God die Hand Gottes;
    hidden hand (geheime) Machenschaften pl
    10. Seite f (auch fig), Richtung f:
    on every hand überall, ringsum;
    a) überall,
    b) von allen Seiten;
    on the right hand rechter Hand, rechts;
    on the one hand …, on the other hand fig einerseits …, andererseits
    11. meist in Zusammensetzungen Arbeiter(in), Mann m (auch pl), pl Leute pl, SCHIFF Matrose m: deck A 1
    12. Fachmann m, -frau f, Routinier m:
    an old hand ein alter Fachmann oder Praktikus oder Hase umg;
    a good hand at sehr geschickt oder geübt in (dat);
    I am a poor hand at golf ich bin ein schlechter Golfspieler
    13. (gute) Hand, Geschick n:
    he has a hand for horses er versteht es, mit Pferden umzugehen;
    my hand is out ich bin außer oder aus der Übung
    14. Handschrift f:
    15. Unterschrift f:
    set one’s hand to seine Unterschrift setzen unter (akk), unterschreiben;
    under the hand of unterzeichnet von
    16. Hand f, Fertigkeit f:
    it shows a master’s hand es verrät die Hand eines Meisters
    17. Applaus m, Beifall m:
    get a big hand stürmischen Beifall hervorrufen, starken Applaus bekommen;
    give sb a hand jemandem applaudieren oder Beifall klatschen
    18. Zeiger m (der Uhr etc)
    19. Büschel n, Bündel n (Früchte), Hand f (Bananen)
    20. Handbreit f (= 4 Zoll = 10,16 cm) (besonders um die Höhe von Pferden zu messen)
    a) Spieler(in)
    b) Blatt n, Karten pl:
    c) Spiel n: lone 1
    22. pl Fußball: Handspiel n:
    he was cautioned for hands er wurde wegen eines Handspiels verwarnt;
    hands! Hand!
    B v/t
    1. ein-, aushändigen, (über)geben, (-)reichen ( alle:
    sb sth, sth to sb jemandem etwas):
    you must hand it to him fig das muss man oder der Neid ihm lassen (anerkennend)
    2. jemandem helfen, jemanden geleiten:
    hand sb into (out of) the car jemandem ins (aus dem) Auto helfen
    3. SCHIFF die Segel festmachenBesondere Redewendungen: hand and foot
    a) an Händen und Füßen (fesseln),
    b) fig eifrig, ergeben (dienen), vorn und hinten (bedienen);
    a) auf vertrautem Fuße stehen (mit), ein Herz und eine Seele sein (mit),
    b) unter einer Decke stecken (mit) umg;
    hands down spielend, mühelos (gewinnen etc);
    hand in hand Hand in Hand (a. fig);
    hand on heart Hand aufs Herz;
    a) Hand über Hand (klettern etc),
    b) fig Zug um Zug, schnell, spielend;
    hand to hand Mann gegen Mann (kämpfen);
    a) nahe, in Reichweite,
    b) nahe (bevorstehend),
    c) bei der oder zur Hand, bereit;
    at the hands of vonseiten, seitens (gen), durch, von;
    a) mit der Hand, manuell,
    b) durch Boten,
    c) mit der Flasche (großziehen);
    carved by hand handgeschnitzt;
    a) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen,
    b) fig jemanden unter seine Fittiche nehmen;
    from hand to hand von Hand zu Hand;
    from hand to mouth von der Hand in den Mund (leben);
    a) in der Hand,
    b) zur (freien) Verfügung,
    c) vorrätig, vorhanden,
    d) fig in der Hand oder Gewalt,
    e) in Bearbeitung,
    f) im Gange;
    the letter (matter) in hand der vorliegende Brief (die vorliegende Sache);
    a) in die Hand oder in Angriff nehmen,
    b) umg jemanden unter seine Fittiche nehmen;
    a) verfügbar, vorrätig,
    b) bevorstehend,
    c) zur Stelle;
    on one’s hands
    a) auf dem Hals,
    b) zur Verfügung;
    be on sb’s hands jemandem zur Last fallen;
    a) kurzerhand, sofort,
    b) vorbei, erledigt,
    c) fig aus der Hand, außer Kontrolle, nicht mehr zu bändigen;
    let one’s temper get out of hand die Selbstbeherrschung verlieren;
    to hand zur Hand;
    come to hand eingehen, -laufen, -treffen (Brief etc);
    your letter to hand WIRTSCH obs im Besitz Ihres werten Schreibens;
    a) unter Kontrolle,
    b) unter der Hand, heimlich;
    under the hand and seal of Mr X von Mr. X eigenhändig unterschrieben oder geschrieben und gesiegelt;
    with one’s own hand eigenhändig;
    change hands in andere Hände übergehen, den Besitzer wechseln;
    the lead changed hands several times SPORT die Führung wechselte mehrmals;
    get one’s hand in Übung bekommen, sich einarbeiten;
    get sth off one’s hands etwas loswerden;
    grease ( oder oil) sb’s hand umg jemanden schmieren umg, jemanden bestechen;
    have one’s hand in in Übung sein, Übung haben;
    have a hand in seine Hand im Spiel haben bei, beteiligt sein an (dat);
    have clean hands eine weiße oder reine oder saubere Weste haben;
    have one’s hands full alle Hände voll zu tun haben;
    hold hands Händchen halten (Verliebte);
    holding hands Händchen haltend;
    hold one’s hand sich zurückhalten;
    join hands sich die Hände reichen, fig a. sich verbünden oder zusammentun;
    keep one’s hand in in Übung bleiben;
    keep a firm hand on unter strenger Zucht halten;
    lay (one’s) hands on
    a) anfassen,
    b) ergreifen, packen, habhaft werden (gen),
    c) (gewaltsam) Hand an jemanden legen,
    d) REL ordinieren;
    I can’t lay my hands on it ich kann es nicht finden;
    lay hands on o.s. Hand an sich legen;
    not lift ( oder raise) a hand keinen Finger rühren;
    live by one’s hands von seiner Hände Arbeit leben;
    play into sb’s hands jemandem in die Hände arbeiten;
    put one’s hand on
    a) finden,
    b) fig sich erinnern an (akk);
    a) ergreifen,
    b) fig in Angriff nehmen, anpacken;
    shake hands sich die Hände schütteln, Shakehands machen;
    shake hands with sb, shake sb by the hand jemandem die Hand schütteln (auch zur Gratulation etc) oder geben;
    shake hands on etwas mit Handschlag besiegeln;
    show one’s hand fig seine Karten aufdecken;
    take a hand at a game bei einem Spiel mitmachen;
    throw one’s hand in (Kartenspiel) aussteigen (a. fig);
    try one’s hand at sth etwas versuchen, es mit etwas probieren;
    wash one’s hands
    a) sich die Hände waschen,
    b) euph mal kurz verschwinden;
    wash one’s hands of it
    a) (in dieser Sache) seine Hände in Unschuld waschen,
    b) nichts mit der Sache zu tun haben wollen;
    I wash my hands of him mit ihm will ich nichts mehr zu tun haben; cross B 1, overplay A 3, sit A 1, soil1 A a
    hd abk
    1. hand
    2. head
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Anat., Zool.) Hand, die

    eat from or out of somebody's hand — (lit. or fig.) jemandem aus der Hand fressen

    get one's hands dirty(lit. or fig.) sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

    give somebody one's hand(reach, shake) jemandem die Hand geben od. reichen

    give or lend [somebody] a hand [with or in something] — [jemandem] [bei etwas] helfen

    pass or go through somebody's hands — (fig.) durch jemandes Hand od. Hände gehen

    go hand in hand [with something] — (fig.) [mit etwas] Hand in Hand gehen

    the problem/matter in hand — das vorliegende Problem/die vorliegende Angelegenheit

    hold handsHändchen halten (ugs. scherzh.); sich bei den Händen halten

    hold somebody's hand — jemandes Hand halten; jemandem die Hand halten; (fig.): (give somebody close guidance) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen; (fig.): (give somebody moral support or backing) jemandem das Händchen halten (iron.)

    hands off!Hände od. Finger weg!

    take/keep one's hands off somebody/something — jemanden/etwas loslassen/nicht anfassen

    keep one's hands off something(fig.) die Finger von etwas lassen (ugs.)

    hands up [all those in favour] — wer dafür ist, hebt die Hand!

    hands down(fig.) (easily) mit links (ugs.); (without a doubt, by a large margin) ganz klar (ugs.)

    be at hand (be nearby) in der Nähe sein; (be about to happen) unmittelbar bevorstehen

    out of hand (summarily) kurzerhand

    be to hand(be readily available, within reach) zur Hand sein; (be received) [Brief, Notiz, Anweisung:] vorliegen

    go/pass from hand to hand — von Hand zu Hand gehen

    be hand in glove [with] — unter einer Decke stecken [mit]

    wait on somebody hand and foot(fig.) jemanden vorn und hinten bedienen (ugs.)

    have one's hands full — die Hände voll haben; (fig.): (be fully occupied) alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.)

    hand on heart(fig.) Hand aufs Herz

    get one's hands on somebody/something — jemanden erwischen od. (ugs.) in die Finger kriegen/etwas auftreiben

    lay or put one's hand on something — etwas finden

    by hand (manually) mit der od. von Hand; (in handwriting) handschriftlich; (by messenger) durch Boten

    2) (fig.): (authority)

    with a firm/iron hand — mit starker Hand/eiserner Faust [regieren]

    get out of hand — außer Kontrolle geraten; see also take 1. 6); upper 1. 1)

    have a free hand to do something — freie Hand haben, etwas zu tun

    3) in pl. (custody)

    in somebody's hands, in the hands of somebody — (in somebody's possession) in jemandes Besitz; (in somebody's care) in jemandes Obhut

    fall into somebody's hands[Person, Geld:] jemandem in die Hände fallen

    have [got] something/somebody on one's hands — sich um etwas/jemanden kümmern müssen

    he's got such a lot/enough on his hands at the moment — er hat augenblicklich so viel/genug um die Ohren (ugs.)

    have time on one's hands — [viel] Zeit haben; (too much) mit seiner Zeit nichts anzufangen wissen

    take somebody/something off somebody's hands — jemandem jemanden/etwas abnehmen

    have something in hand — etwas zur Verfügung haben; (not used up) etwas [übrig] haben

    take a hand [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] beteiligen

    6) (agency) Wirken, das (geh.)

    suffer/suffer injustice at the hands of somebody — unter jemandem/jemandes Ungerechtigkeit zu leiden haben

    ask for or seek somebody's hand [in marriage] — um jemandes Hand bitten od. (geh.) anhalten

    8) (worker) Arbeitskraft, die; Arbeiter, der; (Naut.): (seaman) Hand, die (fachspr.); Matrose, der
    9) (person having ability)

    be a good/poor hand at tennis — ein guter/schwacher Tennisspieler sein

    10) (source) Quelle, die

    at first/second/third hand — aus erster/zweiter/dritter Hand; see also firsthand; second-hand

    11) (skill) Geschick, das

    get one's hand inwieder in Übung kommen od. (ugs.) reinkommen

    12) (style of handwriting) Handschrift, die; (signature) Unterschrift, die
    13) (of clock or watch) Zeiger, der
    14) (side) Seite, die

    on the right/left hand — rechts/links; rechter/linker Hand

    on somebody's right/left hand — rechts/links von jemandem; zu jemandes Rechten/Linken

    on every handvon allen Seiten [umringt sein]; ringsum [etwas sehen]

    on the one hand..., [but] on the other [hand]... — einerseits..., andererseits...; auf der einen Seite..., auf der anderen Seite...

    15) (measurement) Handbreit, die
    16) (coll.): (applause) Beifall, der; Applaus, der

    give him a big hand, let's have a big hand for him — viel Applaus od. Beifall für ihn!

    17) (cards) Karte, die; (period of play) Runde, die; see also throw in 4)
    2. transitive verb
    geben; [Überbringer:] übergeben [Sendung, Lieferung]

    hand something [a]round — (pass round, circulate) etwas herumgeben; (among group) etwas herumgehen lassen

    you've got to hand it to them/her — etc. (fig. coll.) das muss man ihnen/ihr usw. lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (handwriting) n.
    Handschrift f. (clock) n.
    Zeiger - m. n.
    Hand ¨-e f. v.
    einhändigen v.
    herüberreichen v.
    reichen v.

    English-german dictionary > hand

  • 8 see

    see [si:]
    (preterite saw, past participle seen)
       a. voir
    I've seen some things in my time but... j'en ai vu (des choses) dans ma vie mais...
    can you see your way to helping us? est-ce que vous voyez un moyen de nous aider ?
       b. ( = understand) voir
    do you see what I mean? vous voyez ce que je veux dire ?
       c. ( = look) aller voir
       d. ( = have an opinion) trouver
       e. ( = meet) voir
    how nice to see you! ça me fait plaisir de vous voir !
       f. ( = visit) voir
    see you later! (inf) à tout à l'heure !
    see you some time! (inf) à un de ces jours !
    see you soon! à bientôt !
       i. ( = experience) 1963 saw the assassination of John F. Kennedy l'année 1963 a été marquée par l'assassinat de John F. Kennedy
    since becoming a social worker she's certainly seen life depuis qu'elle est assistante sociale elle a pu se rendre compte de ce que c'est que la vie
       j. ( = accompany) accompagner
    to see sb home/to the door raccompagner qn jusque chez lui/jusqu'à la porte
       l. ( = ensure) s'assurer
       m. ( = imagine) voir
    can you see him as a father? est-ce que vous l'imaginez père de famille ?
    I can just see her! je l'imagine tout à fait !
    to see in/out/through voir à l'intérieur/à l'extérieur/à travers
    let me see ( = show me) fais voir ; (at window) laisse-moi regarder
    I see! je vois !
    ... you see (in explanations)... voyez-vous
    we'll soon see if... nous saurons bientôt si...
    can I go out? -- we'll see est-ce que je peux sortir ? -- on verra
       a. ( = deal with)
       b. ( = consider) can I go? -- we'll see about it je peux y aller ? -- on verra
    he said he wouldn't do it -- we'll see about that! il a dit qu'il ne le ferait pas -- c'est ce qu'on va voir !
    [+ person] faire entrer
    I saw him off at the station/airport je l'ai accompagné à la gare/à l'aéroport
    [+ behaviour, promises] ne pas se laisser abuser par
    [+ project, deal] mener à terme
    $50 should see you through 50 dollars devraient vous suffire
    to see to it that... veiller à ce que... + subj
    * * *
    [siː] 1.
    noun ( of bishop) évêché m; ( of archbishop) archevêché m
    2.
    transitive verb (prét saw; pp seen)
    1) (perceive, look at) voir

    there was going to be trouble: I could see it coming ou I could see it a mile off — il allait y avoir des problèmes: je le sentais venir

    I don't know what you see in him — (colloq) je ne sais pas ce que tu lui trouves (colloq)

    2) ( visit) voir [expert, country, building]

    see you! — (colloq) salut! (colloq)

    see you next week! — (colloq) à la semaine prochaine!

    3) ( receive) recevoir
    4) ( understand) voir [advantage, problem]; comprendre [joke]
    5) ( consider) voir

    it remains to be seen whether ou if — reste à voir si

    6) ( envisage)

    I can't see somebody/something doing — je ne pense pas que quelqu'un/quelque chose puisse faire

    7) ( make sure)

    to see (to it) that — veiller à ce que (+ subj)

    8) ( witness) voir; ( experience) connaître [poverty, war]
    9) ( accompany)

    to see somebody home — raccompagner quelqu'un chez lui/elle

    3.
    1) ( with eyes) voir
    2) ( understand) voir

    now I see — maintenant, je comprends

    3) (check, find out)
    4) (think, consider)

    let's see —

    4.
    reflexive verb (prét saw; pp seen)

    to see oneselflit, fig se voir

    I can't see myself as ou being... — je ne pense pas que je vais être...

    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    I'll see you right — (colloq) je ne te laisserai pas tomber (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > see

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 assembly

    1. узел оборудования
    2. сборочная единица
    3. сборка (монтаж)
    4. сборка
    5. подузел
    6. НКУ распределения и управления
    7. конструкция
    8. клеевое соединение
    9. ассемблирование

     

    ассемблирование
    Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера.
    [ ГОСТ 19781-90]

    Тематики

    • обеспеч. систем обраб. информ. программное

    EN

     

    клеевое соединение
    Ндп.
    клеенное соединение
    Соединение частей изделия склеиванием.
    [ ГОСТ 28780-90]

    Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые

    Тематики

    EN

     

    конструкция
    Устройство, взаимное расположение частей и состав машины, механизма или сооружения.
    [ http://sl3d.ru/o-slovare.html]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The new valve profile is design to ensure smooth and precise control at low capacities for improved part load performances.
    [Lennox]

    Вентиль новой конструкции обеспечивает плавное и точное регулирование при низкой производительности холодильного контура, что увеличивает его эффективность при неполной нагрузке.
    [Интент]


    Тематики

    EN

     

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
    Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления

    Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
    Примечания
    1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
    2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
    3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

    EN

    power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
    [IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

    switchgear and controlgear
    a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
    [IEV number 441-11-01]

    switchgear and controlgear

    electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
    NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    switchboard
    A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
    [ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

    switchboard
    One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
    [ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    appareillage, m
    matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
    NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    appareillage
    terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
    [IEV number 441-11-01]


    A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
    Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
    The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
    1. Live-front vertical panels
    2. Dead-front boards
    3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)


    [American electricians’ handbook]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

    Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

    The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

    It specifies in particular:

    > the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

    > the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

    All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.


    Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

    A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

    Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

    What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

    [Schneider Electric]

    НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

    Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

    Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

    В частности, он определяет:

    > распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

    > конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

    В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

    Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

    Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

    Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

    Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

    [Перевод Интент]

     

    LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

    The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

    In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

    Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

    The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

    [ABB]

    Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

    Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

    Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

    Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

    Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    Классификация

    >>>

    Действия

    Синонимы

    Сопутствующие термины

    EN

    DE

    • Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

    FR

     

    подузел
    узел
    сборная деталь
    собранный узел
    блок
    агрегат


    [ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    сборка
    Процесс соединения и закрепления элементов и деталей в готовые узлы, монтажные блоки, конструкции или изделия
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    сборка
    Образование соединений составных частей изделия.
    Примечания:
    1. Примером видов сборки является клепка, сварка заготовок и т.д.
    2. Соединение может быть разъемным или неразъемным
    [ГОСТ 3.1109-82]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    сборка (монтаж)

    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    узел оборудования
    компоновочный узел
    компоновка
    ассемблирование


    [Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    3.2.10 сборочная единица (assembly): Изделие, которое разлагаемо на множество комплектующих или других сборочных единиц с точки зрения конкретного приложения предметной области;

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 10303-1-99: Системы автоматизации производства и их интеграция. Представление данных об изделии и обмен этими данными. Часть 1. Общие представления и основополагающие принципы оригинал документа

    3.3.1 конструкция (assembly) предназначена для того, чтобы:

    а) удерживать каскетку на голове;

    б) поглощать кинетическую энергию, возникающую при ударе, и распределять усилие по поверхности головы.

    Примечание - Внутренняя оснастка может состоять из элементов, указанных в 3.3.2 - 3.3.5.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 12.4.245-2007: Система стандартов безопасности труда. Каскетки защитные. Общие технические требования. Методы испытаний оригинал документа

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > assembly

  • 11 come (came)

    § მოსვლა, ჩამოსვლა; come accross - შეხვედრა, წაწყდომა; come along! - წავიდეთ! come back - დაბრუნდი; come down -ჩამოსვლა, დაშვება; come in - შემოსვლა; come up to - მისვლა, მიახლოვება
    §
    1 (came, come) მოსვლა (მოვა), ჩამოსვლა
    I’ve come to believe that... იმ რწმენამდე მივედი, რომ…
    success usually comes from hard work წარმატება, ჩვეულებრივ, ბეჯითი შრომის შედეგია
    2 წარმოშობა, შთამომავლობა, სადაურობა
    she comes from a good family კარგი ოჯახიშვილია / გვარიშვილია
    3 წვდომა (სწვდება), მიღწევა (აღწევს)
    his income comes to $60.000 a year მისი წლიური შემოსავალი 60 ათას დოლარს აღწევს
    he will never come to much დიდ რამეს / ბევრს ვერასოდეს მიაღწევს
    the house came to him on his father's death მამის გარდაცვალების შემდეგ სახლი მემკვიდრეობით მის მფლობელობაში გადავიდა
    the car came to a halt / a standstill მანქანა გაჩერდა
    if it comes to that... საქმე თუ იქამდე მივიდა…
    4 მოხდენა (მოხდება)
    how did it come that...? როგორ მოხდა, რომ…?
    how come it?! ეს რანაირად / როგორ / საიდან?!
    it came to light that… გამოაშკარავდა, რომ…
    5 მემკვიდრეობით მიღება (მიიღებს) / გადსვლა (გადავა)
    it comes easy to him ადვილად გამოსდის // ეადვილება
    he comes of the nobility / the working class კეთილშობილური წარმომავლობისაა // მუშათა კლასიდანაა
    you’ll come off the loser წაგებული დარჩები
    we’d like you to come კარგი იქნებოდა, რომ მოსულიყავი
    the time has come for her to lie in დროა, მოილოგინოს
    ●●it is very kind of you to have come ძალიან დამავალეთ, რომ მობრძანდით
    he promised to come დამპირდა, მოვალო
    I pleaded with her to come შევეხვეწე, რომ მოსულიყო
    I’ll gladly come, only later სიხარულით გეწვევით, მაგრამ უფრო მოგვიანებით
    I’ll come round at six ექვსზე შემოგივლი
    ●●to come to rest გაჩერება (გაჩერდება)
    oh, come now! კარგი ერთი!
    we’ll come, if only he comes with us მხოლოდ მაშინ მოვალთ, თუ ის წამოგვყვა
    if it comes to a showdown I… ყველაფრის თქმამდე თუ მივიდა საქმე, მე...
    ●●to come to one’s mind თავში აზრის მოსვლა
    I can’t make her come მოსვლას ვერ დავაძალებ
    don’t trouble to come მოსვლაზე ნუ შეწუხდები!
    he didn’t expect her to come მის მოსვლას არ მოელოდა // არ ეგონა, რომ მოვიდოდა
    he always says the first thing that comes into his head რაც თავში მოუვა, იმას ამბობს
    if it comes to that, I’ll… საქმე საქმეზე თუ მიდგა, მე...
    thoughts of her coming wedding were uppermost in her mind უმთავრესად თავის მომავალ ქორწინზე ფიქრობდა
    she is unlike to come არა მგონია, რომ მოვიდეს
    how come you’re here? როგორ მოხდა, რომ აქა ხარ? // აქ როგორ მოხვდი?
    I’ll have him come ვაიძულებ, რომ მოვიდეს / მოვიყვან
    he will hardly come საეჭვოა, რომ მოვიდეს
    take the rifle, it may come in handy თოფი წაიღე, შეიძლება დაგჭირდეს
    if the worst comes to the worst… საქმე თუ მთლად ცუდად წავიდა...
    there’s worse to come ეს კიდევ არაფერი, მთლად უარესი იქნება
    we wired him to come დეპეშა გავუგზავნეთ, რომ ჩამოსულიყო
    I said I would come and I will ვთქვი, რომ მოვალ და მოვალ კიდეც;
    come when you will; როცა გინდა, მოდი
    he will come მოვა;
    come whenever you wish როდესაც გინდა, მოდი
    and what if he doesn’t come? და რომ არ მოვიდეს?
    Will he come? - ‘I expect so’ "მოვა?" - "ასე მგონია."
    the coming of the boss quickened the work უფროსის მოსვლამ მუშაობა გამოაცოცხლა
    I figured on your coming შენი მოსვლის იმედი მქონდა // შენს მოსვლას ვვარაუდობდი
    come in directly! დაუყოვნებლივ / მყისვე შემოდი!
    you needn’t ask him to come, he’ll come as a matter of course მისი დაძახება არ არის საჭირო, ისედაც მოვა
    it was gracious of you to come! რა პატივი დაგვდე, რომ მოხვედი!
    I’ve come a good way კარგა დიდი გზა გამოვიარე
    I’ll come without fail უსათუოდ მოვალ
    come to think of it, it’s possible კარგად რომ დავფიქრდეთ, ეს შესაძლებელია
    oh come, he is not that stupid! კაი, კაი! არც ისეთი უჭკუოა!
    come! let’s begin! აბა, დავიწყოთ!
    I’ll come and collect the book წიგნის წამოსაღებად შემოვივლი
    we’ll come and fetch you შემოგივლით და წაგიყვანთ
    I could not come მოსვლა ვერ შევძელი // ვერ მოვედი
    to come into / go out of fashion მოდაში შემოსვლა / მოდიდან გადავარდნა
    I’ll come by five ხუთი საათისთვის მოვალ
    he wanted to come but he couldn’t მოსვლა უნდოდა, მაგრამ ვერ შეძლო
    to come into bloom აყვავება // ყვავილის გაშლა / გამოღება
    I’ll come between 1 and 2 o’clock პირველიდან ორ საათამდე მოვალ
    ‘Will they come?’ – ‘I believe so’/’I believe not’ "მოვლენ?" - "ასე მგონია" / "არა მგონია"
    to come into being აღმოცენება (აღმოცენდება), წარმოშობა, შექმნა
    I`ll come right away ახლავე მოვალ
    ask him to come სთხოვე, მოვიდეს
    if anybody comes, don`t open the door ვინმე თუ მოვიდა, კარს ნუ გაუღებ
    a glass of wine wouldn`t come amiss ერთი ჭიქა ღვინო არ გვაწყენდა
    I`ll come along with you თან წამოგყვები
    if it`s all right with you, I’ll come early თუ წინააღმდეგი არა ხარ, ადრე მოვალ
    to come to smb's aid ვინმესთვის დახმარების აღმოჩენა / გაწევა
    he came in advance of the others სხვებზე წინ / ადრე მოვიდა
    they came at my call ჩემს დაძახებაზე / გამოძახებაზე მოვიდნენ
    at last they came to a closure როგორც იქნა დაასრულეს კამათი და შეთანხმდნენ
    the plane came in sight / view თვითმფრინავი გამოჩნდა
    I came to realize, that... თანდათანობით მივხვდი, რომ…
    his resignation came as a surprise მისი გადადგომა ყველასათვის მოულოდნელი იყო
    he came to the conclusion that... იმ დასკვნამდე მივიდა, რომ…
    he came before / after dark შეღამებისას / დაბინდებისას მოვიდა // დაბნელების შემდეგ მოვიდა
    the fire brigade came in full force სახანძრო რაზმი სრული შემადგენლობით მოვიდა
    he came in quietly უხმაუროდ / ჩუმად შემოვიდა
    it's just as well I came with you კარგია, რომ შენ გამოგყევი
    when woman came in, he got up როდესაც ქალი შემოვიდა, ფეხზე ადგა;
    he came while I was out მოვიდა, როდესაც გასული ვიყავი.
    it would be about five when she came როცა მოვიდა, ხუთი საათი იქნებოდა
    she came to herself გონს მოეგო / მოვიდა
    many came to the funeral service to do the dead man homage გარდაცვლილის პატივსაცემად პანაშვიდზე ბევრნი მოვიდნენ
    ●●the rain came down with a vengeance წვიმამ კოკისპირულად დასცხო
    ●●they came to terms შეთანხმებას მიაღწიეს
    he came sooner than we expected უფრო ადრე მოვიდა, ვიდრე მოველოდით
    he came on / lost the tracks of his enemy თავისი მტრის კვალს მიაგნო / კვალი დაჰკარგა
    people came trooping out of the theater ხალხი თეატრიდან გამოვიდა / გამოეფინა
    ●●his dreams came true ოცნება აუსრულდა
    what a mercy he came! მადლობა ღმერთს, რომ მოვიდა!
    I came the moment I knew როგორც კი გავიგე, მაშინვე მოვედი
    he came by sea ზღვით / გემით ჩამოვიდა
    I came to that conclusion independently ამ დასკვნამდე დამოუკიდებლად მივედი
    the news came that… ცნობა მოვიდა, რომ...
    his plan came to nothing გეგმა ჩაუვარდა / ჩაეფუშა
    the news came that… ცნობა მოვიდა, რომ...
    his plan came to nothing გეგმა ჩაუვარდა / ჩაეფუშა
    the answer came pat პასუხი სწრაფად / დროულად მოვიდა
    she came out in pimples სახეზე მუწუკები გაუჩნდა / გამოაყარა
    when it came to the point, he couldn't face it საქმე საქმეზე რომ მიდგა, უკან დაიხია
    it came to my knowledge that… ჩემ ყურამდე მოვიდა, რომ...

    English-Georgian dictionary > come (came)

  • 12 safety

    noun
    1) (being out of danger) Sicherheit, die
    2) (lack of danger) Ungefährlichkeit, die; (of a machine) Betriebssicherheit, die
    3) attrib. Sicherheits[netz, -kette, -faktor, -maßnahmen, -vorrichtungen, -lampe]
    * * *
    noun (the state of being safe: I worry about the children's safety on these busy roads; a place of safety; ( also adjective) safety goggles; safety helmet.) die Sicherheit, Sicherheits-
    * * *
    safe·ty
    [ˈseɪfti]
    1. (condition of being safe) Sicherheit f
    they all ran for \safety behind trees sie rannten alle, um sich hinter den Bäumen in Sicherheit zu bringen
    I prefer to watch it on TV from the \safety of my own armchair ich sehe es mir lieber, von meinem sicheren Sessel aus, im Fernsehen an
    place of \safety sicherer Ort
    with no thought for one's own \safety ohne an seine eigene Sicherheit zu denken
    to be concerned for the \safety of sb um jds Sicherheit besorgt sein
    to guarantee [or assure] sb's \safety für jds Sicherheit garantieren
    to leap to \safety sich akk mit einem Sprung in Sicherheit bringen
    to winch sb to \safety jdn mit einer Seilwinde in Sicherheit bringen
    for your [comfort and] \safety zu Ihrer [Bequemlichkeit und] Sicherheit
    for \safety['s sake] sicherheitshalber, aus Sicherheitsgründen
    2. (freedom from harm) Sicherheit f; of a medicine Unbedenklichkeit f
    3. (safety catch) of a gun Sicherung f, Sicherungshebel m
    4. (in American football) Sicherheits-Touchdown m, Safety m fachspr; (player) Rückraumspieler m
    5.
    there's \safety in numbers ( saying) in der Gruppe ist man sicherer
    * * *
    ['seIftɪ]
    n
    Sicherheit f

    in a place of safetyan einem sicheren Ort

    with complete safety —

    I can say with safety that... — ich kann mit Sicherheit behaupten, dass...

    to play for safety (Sport) — auf Sicherheit spielen; (fig) sichergehen

    (there's) safety in numbers — zu mehreren ist man sicherer

    when we reached the safety of the opposite bankals wir sicher das andere Ufer erreicht hatten

    to seek safety abroadsich ins Ausland in Sicherheit bringen

    the government must ensure the safety of nuclear power plantsdie Regierung muss die Betriebssicherheit von Atomkraftwerken gewährleisten

    * * *
    safety [ˈseıftı]
    A s
    1. Sicherheit f:
    jump to safety sich durch einen Sprung in Sicherheit bringen;
    swim to safety sich schwimmend in Sicherheit bringen
    2. Sicherheit f, Gefahrlosigkeit f:
    safety (of operation) TECH Betriebssicherheit;
    safety in flight FLUG Flugsicherheit;
    safety on the road Verkehrssicherheit;
    we cannot do it with safety wir können es nicht ohne Gefahr tun;
    there is safety in numbers zu mehreren ist man sicherer;
    a) sichergehen (wollen), Risiken vermeiden,
    b) SPORT auf Sicherheit spielen;
    safety first! Sicherheit über alles!;
    safety-first scheme Unfallverhütungsprogramm n
    3. Sicherheit f, Zuverlässigkeit f, Verlässlichkeit f (eines Mechanismus, Verfahrens etc)
    4. Sicherung f, Schutz m ( beide:
    against gegen, vor dat)
    5. Schutz-, Sicherheitsvorrichtung f, Sicherung f
    6. Sicherung(sflügel) f(m) (am Gewehr etc):
    at safety gesichert
    B adj Sicherheits…
    * * *
    noun
    1) (being out of danger) Sicherheit, die
    2) (lack of danger) Ungefährlichkeit, die; (of a machine) Betriebssicherheit, die
    3) attrib. Sicherheits[netz, -kette, -faktor, -maßnahmen, -vorrichtungen, -lampe]
    * * *
    n.
    Schutz m.
    Sicherheit f.

    English-german dictionary > safety

  • 13 see *****

    I [siː]
    vt, vi saw pt seen pp
    1) (gen) vedere

    I saw him writing the letterl'ho visto scrivere or mentre scriveva la lettera

    let me see (show me) fammi vedere, (let me think) vediamo (un po')

    see you soon/later/tomorrow! — a presto/più tardi/domani!

    now see here! (in anger) ma insomma!

    so I see — sì, vedo

    I see in the paper that... — vedo che sul giornale è scritto che...

    (go and) see who it is — vai a vedere chi è, vedi chi è

    I never thought I'd see the day when... — non avrei mai creduto che un giorno...

    2) (understand, perceive) vedere, capire, (joke) afferrare

    I don't or can't see how/why etc... — non vedo come/perché etc...

    the way I see it — a parer mio, a mio giudizio

    3) (accompany) accompagnare

    to see sb to the door/home — accompagnare qn alla porta/a casa

    4) (ensure, check) vedere, assicurarsi

    to see if — vedere se + indic

    to see thatvedere or badare che + sub

    5) (imagine) vedere

    I can't see myself as... — non mi vedo come...

    II [siː] n
    Rel sede f vescovile

    English-Italian dictionary > see *****

  • 14 review

    1. рецензия
    2. проверка (нормативного документа)
    3. периодический журнал
    4. пересмотр
    5. переинтерпретация данных
    6. обзор (в информационных технологиях)
    7. обзор
    8. итоговая проверка
    9. анализ системы автоматизации подстанции
    10. анализ (системы менеджемента качества)
    11. анализ

     

    анализ
    Деятельность, предпринимаемая для установления пригодности, адекватности и результативности рассматриваемого объекта для достижения установленных целей.
    Примечание
    Анализ может также включать определение эффективности.
    Пример
    Анализ со стороны руководства, анализ проектирования и разработки, анализ требований потребителей, анализ несоответствий.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    анализ устройства [системы автоматизации подстанции]
    Определенная соответствующим документом систематическая проверка функционирования устройства [системы автоматизации подстанции].
    Примечание. Испытательный центр должен предоставить соответствующую документацию инициатору проверки соответствия в согласованный период времени до наступления соответствующего контрольного момента или до момента проведения испытаний в присутствии заказчика. Метод выполнения анализа подлежит согласованию.
    [ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]

    EN

    review
    systematic examination, as defined in the appropriate document, of the quality document(s) for an activity. The test facility must provide the documentation to be reviewed to the initiator of the conformance test at an agreed time prior to the associated hold or witness point. How the review is conducted is subject to agreement
    [IEC 61850-2, ed. 1.0 (2003-08)]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    обзор
    Производное произведение, представляющее собой сжатое систематизированное, с выводами и рекомендациями, изложение современного состояния проблемы, рассматриваемой в первоисточниках.
    [ ГОСТ Р 7.0.3-2006]

    Тематики

    • издания, основные виды и элементы

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    обзор (в информационных технологиях)
    Оценка результатов изменения, проблемы, процесса, проекта и т.п. Обзоры часто выполняются в определённых точках жизненного цикла, и в особенности после закрытия. Назначение обзора – удостовериться, что были получены все результаты, и определить возможности для совершенствования.
    См. тж. оценка изменения; оценка результатов внедрения.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    EN

    review
    An evaluation of a change, problem, process, project etc. Reviews are typically carried out at predefined points in the lifecycle, and especially after closure. The purpose of a review is to ensure that all deliverables have been provided, and to identify opportunities for improvement.
    See also change evaluation; post-implementation review.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    периодический журнал

    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    проверка (нормативного документа)
    Анализ действующего нормативного документа в целях определения необходимости его обновления или отмены.
    [ГОСТ 1.1-2002]

    Тематики

    Обобщающие термины

    • разработка, применение и обновление нормативных документов

    EN

    FR

     

    рецензия
    рецензировать


    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    3.8.7 анализ (review): Деятельность, предпринимаемая для установления пригодности, адекватности и результативности (3.2.14) рассматриваемого объекта для достижения установленных целей.

    Примечание - Анализ может также включать определение эффективности (3.2.15).

    Пример - Анализ со стороны руководства, анализ проектирования и разработки, анализ требований потребителей, анализ несоответствий.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008: Системы менеджмента качества. Основные положения и словарь оригинал документа

    2.29 пересмотр (review): Деятельность, предпринимаемая для определения пригодности, адекватности и результативности предмета рассмотрения для достижения установленных целей.

    Примечание - Процедуры пересмотра можно применять к структуре менеджмента риска (2.3), процессу менеджмента риска (2.8), риску (2.1) или контролю риска (2.26).

    [Руководство ИСО 73:2009, определение 3.8.2.2]

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 31000-2010: Менеджмент риска. Принципы и руководство оригинал документа

    3.8.7 анализ (review): Деятельность, предпринимаемая для установления пригодности, адекватности и результативности (3.2.14) рассматриваемого объекта для достижения установленных целей.

    Примечание - Анализ может также включать определение эффективности (3.2.15).

    Пример- Анализ со стороны руководства, анализ проектирования и разработки, анализ требований потребителей, анализ несоответствий.

    Источник: ГОСТ ISO 9000-2011: Системы менеджмента качества. Основные положения и словарь

    5.1 итоговая проверка (review): Верификация пригодности, адекватности и эффективности выбора и определения, а также их результативности с учетом выполнения заданных требований (3.1) объектом оценки соответствия.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 17000-2009: Оценка соответствия. Словарь и общие принципы оригинал документа

    3.2.62 анализ (review): Деятельность, предпринимаемая для установления пригодности, адекватности, результативности рассматриваемого объекта для достижения установленных целей.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > review

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